Infrastructure as Code Patterns

Master Infrastructure as Code with Cursor IDE and Claude Code. This guide covers Terraform modules, CloudFormation templates, Pulumi programs, Ansible playbooks, GitOps workflows, and production IaC patterns with AI assistance.

Quick Setup

1. Initialize IaC Project

   Cursor

   # Generate IaC configuration
   Agent: "Create infrastructure setup with:
   - Terraform modules for AWS
   - State management with S3
   - Environment separation
   - Security best practices
   - Cost optimization"

   Claude Code

   # Create complete IaC
   claude "Set up infrastructure as code with:
   - Multi-cloud support (AWS/Azure/GCP)
   - GitOps integration
   - Automated testing
   - Compliance checking
   - Documentation generation"

2. Install IaC MCP Servers (optional)

   # AWS
   claude mcp add aws -- docker run -e AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=... ghcr.io/aws/mcp-server
   
   # Azure (no URL endpoint - use npm package)
   claude mcp add azure -- npx -y @azure/mcp@latest
   
   # Kubernetes
   claude mcp add k8s -- npx -y kubernetes-mcp-server

3. Configure AI Rules

   # .cursorrules or CLAUDE.md
   IaC best practices:
   - Use remote state management
   - Implement proper tagging
   - Follow least privilege principle
   - Use modules for reusability
   - Version control everything
   - Test infrastructure changes
   - Document all resources

Terraform Patterns

Module Structure

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create Terraform module structure for:
- VPC with public/private subnets
- EKS cluster with node groups
- RDS with read replicas
- Application load balancer
- Security groups and IAM"

# modules/vpc/main.tf
terraform {
  required_version = ">= 1.5.0"

  required_providers {
    aws = {
      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
      version = "~> 5.0"
    }
  }
}

locals {
  common_tags = merge(
    var.tags,
    {
      Module       = "vpc"
      ManagedBy    = "terraform"
      Environment  = var.environment
      LastModified = timestamp()
    }
  )

  max_subnet_length = max(
    length(var.private_subnets),
    length(var.public_subnets),
    length(var.database_subnets)
  )

  nat_gateway_count = var.single_nat_gateway ? 1 : var.one_nat_gateway_per_az ? length(var.azs) : local.max_subnet_length
}

# VPC
resource "aws_vpc" "this" {
  cidr_block           = var.cidr
  enable_dns_hostnames = var.enable_dns_hostnames
  enable_dns_support   = var.enable_dns_support

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-vpc", var.name)
    }
  )
}

# Internet Gateway
resource "aws_internet_gateway" "this" {
  count = length(var.public_subnets) > 0 ? 1 : 0

  vpc_id = aws_vpc.this.id

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-igw", var.name)
    }
  )
}

# Public Subnets
resource "aws_subnet" "public" {
  count = length(var.public_subnets)

  vpc_id                  = aws_vpc.this.id
  cidr_block              = element(var.public_subnets, count.index)
  availability_zone       = element(var.azs, count.index)
  map_public_ip_on_launch = var.map_public_ip_on_launch

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name                                           = format("%s-public-%s", var.name, element(var.azs, count.index))
      Type                                           = "public"
      "kubernetes.io/role/elb"                       = "1"
      "kubernetes.io/cluster/${var.cluster_name}"    = "shared"
    }
  )
}

# Private Subnets
resource "aws_subnet" "private" {
  count = length(var.private_subnets)

  vpc_id            = aws_vpc.this.id
  cidr_block        = element(var.private_subnets, count.index)
  availability_zone = element(var.azs, count.index)

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name                                           = format("%s-private-%s", var.name, element(var.azs, count.index))
      Type                                           = "private"
      "kubernetes.io/role/internal-elb"              = "1"
      "kubernetes.io/cluster/${var.cluster_name}"    = "shared"
    }
  )
}

# Database Subnets
resource "aws_subnet" "database" {
  count = length(var.database_subnets)

  vpc_id            = aws_vpc.this.id
  cidr_block        = element(var.database_subnets, count.index)
  availability_zone = element(var.azs, count.index)

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-database-%s", var.name, element(var.azs, count.index))
      Type = "database"
    }
  )
}

# Elastic IPs for NAT Gateways
resource "aws_eip" "nat" {
  count = var.enable_nat_gateway ? local.nat_gateway_count : 0

  domain = "vpc"

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-eip-%s", var.name, element(var.azs, count.index))
    }
  )

  depends_on = [aws_internet_gateway.this]
}

# NAT Gateways
resource "aws_nat_gateway" "this" {
  count = var.enable_nat_gateway ? local.nat_gateway_count : 0

  allocation_id = element(aws_eip.nat[*].id, count.index)
  subnet_id     = element(aws_subnet.public[*].id, count.index)

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-nat-%s", var.name, element(var.azs, count.index))
    }
  )

  depends_on = [aws_internet_gateway.this]
}

# Route Tables
resource "aws_route_table" "public" {
  count = length(var.public_subnets) > 0 ? 1 : 0

  vpc_id = aws_vpc.this.id

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-public-rt", var.name)
      Type = "public"
    }
  )
}

resource "aws_route_table" "private" {
  count = var.enable_nat_gateway ? local.nat_gateway_count : 0

  vpc_id = aws_vpc.this.id

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-private-rt-%s", var.name, element(var.azs, count.index))
      Type = "private"
    }
  )
}

# Routes
resource "aws_route" "public_internet_gateway" {
  count = length(var.public_subnets) > 0 ? 1 : 0

  route_table_id         = aws_route_table.public[0].id
  destination_cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
  gateway_id             = aws_internet_gateway.this[0].id

  timeouts {
    create = "5m"
  }
}

resource "aws_route" "private_nat_gateway" {
  count = var.enable_nat_gateway ? local.nat_gateway_count : 0

  route_table_id         = element(aws_route_table.private[*].id, count.index)
  destination_cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
  nat_gateway_id         = element(aws_nat_gateway.this[*].id, count.index)

  timeouts {
    create = "5m"
  }
}

# Route Table Associations
resource "aws_route_table_association" "public" {
  count = length(var.public_subnets)

  subnet_id      = element(aws_subnet.public[*].id, count.index)
  route_table_id = aws_route_table.public[0].id
}

resource "aws_route_table_association" "private" {
  count = length(var.private_subnets)

  subnet_id      = element(aws_subnet.private[*].id, count.index)
  route_table_id = element(
    aws_route_table.private[*].id,
    var.single_nat_gateway ? 0 : count.index
  )
}

# VPC Endpoints
resource "aws_vpc_endpoint" "s3" {
  count = var.enable_s3_endpoint ? 1 : 0

  vpc_id       = aws_vpc.this.id
  service_name = data.aws_vpc_endpoint_service.s3.service_name

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-s3-endpoint", var.name)
    }
  )
}

resource "aws_vpc_endpoint_route_table_association" "s3_public" {
  count = var.enable_s3_endpoint && length(var.public_subnets) > 0 ? 1 : 0

  vpc_endpoint_id = aws_vpc_endpoint.s3[0].id
  route_table_id  = aws_route_table.public[0].id
}

resource "aws_vpc_endpoint_route_table_association" "s3_private" {
  count = var.enable_s3_endpoint ? local.nat_gateway_count : 0

  vpc_endpoint_id = aws_vpc_endpoint.s3[0].id
  route_table_id  = element(aws_route_table.private[*].id, count.index)
}

# Flow Logs
resource "aws_flow_log" "this" {
  count = var.enable_flow_log ? 1 : 0

  iam_role_arn    = aws_iam_role.flow_log[0].arn
  log_destination = aws_cloudwatch_log_group.flow_log[0].arn
  traffic_type    = var.flow_log_traffic_type
  vpc_id          = aws_vpc.this.id

  tags = merge(
    local.common_tags,
    {
      Name = format("%s-flow-log", var.name)
    }
  )
}

resource "aws_cloudwatch_log_group" "flow_log" {
  count = var.enable_flow_log ? 1 : 0

  name              = "/aws/vpc/${var.name}"
  retention_in_days = var.flow_log_retention_in_days
  kms_key_id        = var.flow_log_kms_key_id

  tags = local.common_tags
}

resource "aws_iam_role" "flow_log" {
  count = var.enable_flow_log ? 1 : 0

  name = format("%s-flow-log-role", var.name)

  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
    Version = "2012-10-17"
    Statement = [
      {
        Effect = "Allow"
        Principal = {
          Service = "vpc-flow-logs.amazonaws.com"
        }
        Action = "sts:AssumeRole"
      }
    ]
  })

  tags = local.common_tags
}

resource "aws_iam_role_policy" "flow_log" {
  count = var.enable_flow_log ? 1 : 0

  name = format("%s-flow-log-policy", var.name)
  role = aws_iam_role.flow_log[0].id

  policy = jsonencode({
    Version = "2012-10-17"
    Statement = [
      {
        Effect = "Allow"
        Action = [
          "logs:CreateLogGroup",
          "logs:CreateLogStream",
          "logs:PutLogEvents",
          "logs:DescribeLogGroups",
          "logs:DescribeLogStreams"
        ]
        Resource = "*"
      }
    ]
  })
}

Claude Code

# Generate Terraform modules
claude "Create Terraform module for:
1. Multi-region deployment
2. Disaster recovery setup
3. Zero-trust networking
4. Cost optimization
5. Compliance controls"

CloudFormation Templates

Stack Architecture

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create CloudFormation template for:
- Three-tier architecture
- Auto-scaling groups
- RDS Multi-AZ
- ElastiCache cluster
- CloudFront distribution"

# templates/infrastructure.yaml
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'
Description: 'Three-tier application infrastructure with HA and auto-scaling'

Parameters:
  EnvironmentName:
    Description: Environment name prefix
    Type: String
    Default: production

  VPCCidr:
    Description: CIDR block for VPC
    Type: String
    Default: 10.0.0.0/16

  PublicSubnetCidrs:
    Description: CIDR blocks for public subnets
    Type: CommaDelimitedList
    Default: "10.0.1.0/24,10.0.2.0/24,10.0.3.0/24"

  PrivateSubnetCidrs:
    Description: CIDR blocks for private subnets
    Type: CommaDelimitedList
    Default: "10.0.11.0/24,10.0.12.0/24,10.0.13.0/24"

  DatabaseSubnetCidrs:
    Description: CIDR blocks for database subnets
    Type: CommaDelimitedList
    Default: "10.0.21.0/24,10.0.22.0/24,10.0.23.0/24"

  InstanceType:
    Description: EC2 instance type for application servers
    Type: String
    Default: t3.medium
    AllowedValues:
      - t3.small
      - t3.medium
      - t3.large
      - m5.large
      - m5.xlarge

  DatabaseInstanceType:
    Description: RDS instance type
    Type: String
    Default: db.t3.medium

  DatabasePassword:
    Description: RDS master password
    Type: String
    NoEcho: true
    MinLength: 8
    MaxLength: 41

  KeyPairName:
    Description: EC2 key pair name
    Type: AWS::EC2::KeyPair::KeyName

  MinSize:
    Description: Minimum number of instances
    Type: Number
    Default: 2
    MinValue: 1

  MaxSize:
    Description: Maximum number of instances
    Type: Number
    Default: 10
    MinValue: 1

  DesiredCapacity:
    Description: Desired number of instances
    Type: Number
    Default: 4
    MinValue: 1

Metadata:
  AWS::CloudFormation::Interface:
    ParameterGroups:
      - Label:
          default: "Network Configuration"
        Parameters:
          - VPCCidr
          - PublicSubnetCidrs
          - PrivateSubnetCidrs
          - DatabaseSubnetCidrs
      - Label:
          default: "Server Configuration"
        Parameters:
          - InstanceType
          - KeyPairName
          - MinSize
          - MaxSize
          - DesiredCapacity
      - Label:
          default: "Database Configuration"
        Parameters:
          - DatabaseInstanceType
          - DatabasePassword

Resources:
  # VPC
  VPC:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPC
    Properties:
      CidrBlock: !Ref VPCCidr
      EnableDnsHostnames: true
      EnableDnsSupport: true
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-vpc

  InternetGateway:
    Type: AWS::EC2::InternetGateway
    Properties:
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-igw

  InternetGatewayAttachment:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPCGatewayAttachment
    Properties:
      InternetGatewayId: !Ref InternetGateway
      VpcId: !Ref VPC

  # Public Subnets
  PublicSubnet1:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [0, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [0, !Ref PublicSubnetCidrs]
      MapPublicIpOnLaunch: true
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-public-subnet-1
        - Key: kubernetes.io/role/elb
          Value: 1

  PublicSubnet2:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [1, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [1, !Ref PublicSubnetCidrs]
      MapPublicIpOnLaunch: true
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-public-subnet-2
        - Key: kubernetes.io/role/elb
          Value: 1

  PublicSubnet3:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [2, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [2, !Ref PublicSubnetCidrs]
      MapPublicIpOnLaunch: true
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-public-subnet-3
        - Key: kubernetes.io/role/elb
          Value: 1

  # NAT Gateways
  NatGateway1EIP:
    Type: AWS::EC2::EIP
    DependsOn: InternetGatewayAttachment
    Properties:
      Domain: vpc

  NatGateway2EIP:
    Type: AWS::EC2::EIP
    DependsOn: InternetGatewayAttachment
    Properties:
      Domain: vpc

  NatGateway1:
    Type: AWS::EC2::NatGateway
    Properties:
      AllocationId: !GetAtt NatGateway1EIP.AllocationId
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet1

  NatGateway2:
    Type: AWS::EC2::NatGateway
    Properties:
      AllocationId: !GetAtt NatGateway2EIP.AllocationId
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet2

  # Route Tables
  PublicRouteTable:
    Type: AWS::EC2::RouteTable
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-public-routes

  DefaultPublicRoute:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Route
    DependsOn: InternetGatewayAttachment
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable
      DestinationCidrBlock: 0.0.0.0/0
      GatewayId: !Ref InternetGateway

  PublicSubnet1RouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet1

  PublicSubnet2RouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet2

  PublicSubnet3RouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PublicRouteTable
      SubnetId: !Ref PublicSubnet3

  # Private Subnets
  PrivateSubnet1:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [0, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [0, !Ref PrivateSubnetCidrs]
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-private-subnet-1
        - Key: kubernetes.io/role/internal-elb
          Value: 1

  PrivateSubnet2:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [1, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [1, !Ref PrivateSubnetCidrs]
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-private-subnet-2
        - Key: kubernetes.io/role/internal-elb
          Value: 1

  PrivateSubnet3:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [2, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [2, !Ref PrivateSubnetCidrs]
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-private-subnet-3
        - Key: kubernetes.io/role/internal-elb
          Value: 1

  # Private Route Tables
  PrivateRouteTable1:
    Type: AWS::EC2::RouteTable
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-private-routes-1

  DefaultPrivateRoute1:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Route
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PrivateRouteTable1
      DestinationCidrBlock: 0.0.0.0/0
      NatGatewayId: !Ref NatGateway1

  PrivateSubnet1RouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PrivateRouteTable1
      SubnetId: !Ref PrivateSubnet1

  PrivateRouteTable2:
    Type: AWS::EC2::RouteTable
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-private-routes-2

  DefaultPrivateRoute2:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Route
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PrivateRouteTable2
      DestinationCidrBlock: 0.0.0.0/0
      NatGatewayId: !Ref NatGateway2

  PrivateSubnet2RouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PrivateRouteTable2
      SubnetId: !Ref PrivateSubnet2

  PrivateSubnet3RouteTableAssociation:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SubnetRouteTableAssociation
    Properties:
      RouteTableId: !Ref PrivateRouteTable2
      SubnetId: !Ref PrivateSubnet3

  # Database Subnets
  DatabaseSubnet1:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [0, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [0, !Ref DatabaseSubnetCidrs]
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-database-subnet-1

  DatabaseSubnet2:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [1, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [1, !Ref DatabaseSubnetCidrs]
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-database-subnet-2

  DatabaseSubnet3:
    Type: AWS::EC2::Subnet
    Properties:
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      AvailabilityZone: !Select [2, !GetAZs '']
      CidrBlock: !Select [2, !Ref DatabaseSubnetCidrs]
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-database-subnet-3

  # Security Groups
  ALBSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-alb-sg
      GroupDescription: Security group for Application Load Balancer
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      SecurityGroupIngress:
        - IpProtocol: tcp
          FromPort: 80
          ToPort: 80
          CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
        - IpProtocol: tcp
          FromPort: 443
          ToPort: 443
          CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-alb-sg

  WebServerSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-webserver-sg
      GroupDescription: Security group for web servers
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      SecurityGroupIngress:
        - IpProtocol: tcp
          FromPort: 80
          ToPort: 80
          SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref ALBSecurityGroup
        - IpProtocol: tcp
          FromPort: 443
          ToPort: 443
          SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref ALBSecurityGroup
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-webserver-sg

  DatabaseSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-database-sg
      GroupDescription: Security group for RDS database
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      SecurityGroupIngress:
        - IpProtocol: tcp
          FromPort: 3306
          ToPort: 3306
          SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref WebServerSecurityGroup
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-database-sg

  CacheSecurityGroup:
    Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup
    Properties:
      GroupName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-cache-sg
      GroupDescription: Security group for ElastiCache
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      SecurityGroupIngress:
        - IpProtocol: tcp
          FromPort: 6379
          ToPort: 6379
          SourceSecurityGroupId: !Ref WebServerSecurityGroup
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-cache-sg

  # Application Load Balancer
  ApplicationLoadBalancer:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::LoadBalancer
    Properties:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-alb
      Subnets:
        - !Ref PublicSubnet1
        - !Ref PublicSubnet2
        - !Ref PublicSubnet3
      SecurityGroups:
        - !Ref ALBSecurityGroup
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-alb

  ALBTargetGroup:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::TargetGroup
    Properties:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-tg
      Port: 80
      Protocol: HTTP
      VpcId: !Ref VPC
      HealthCheckEnabled: true
      HealthCheckPath: /health
      HealthCheckProtocol: HTTP
      HealthCheckIntervalSeconds: 30
      HealthCheckTimeoutSeconds: 5
      HealthyThresholdCount: 2
      UnhealthyThresholdCount: 3
      TargetType: instance
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-tg

  ALBListener:
    Type: AWS::ElasticLoadBalancingV2::Listener
    Properties:
      DefaultActions:
        - Type: forward
          TargetGroupArn: !Ref ALBTargetGroup
      LoadBalancerArn: !Ref ApplicationLoadBalancer
      Port: 80
      Protocol: HTTP

  # Launch Template
  LaunchTemplate:
    Type: AWS::EC2::LaunchTemplate
    Properties:
      LaunchTemplateName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-lt
      LaunchTemplateData:
        ImageId: !Ref LatestAmiId
        InstanceType: !Ref InstanceType
        KeyName: !Ref KeyPairName
        SecurityGroupIds:
          - !Ref WebServerSecurityGroup
        IamInstanceProfile:
          Arn: !GetAtt InstanceProfile.Arn
        UserData:
          Fn::Base64: !Sub |
            #!/bin/bash
            yum update -y
            yum install -y httpd
            systemctl start httpd
            systemctl enable httpd

            # Install CloudWatch agent
            wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/amazoncloudwatch-agent/amazon_linux/amd64/latest/amazon-cloudwatch-agent.rpm
            rpm -U ./amazon-cloudwatch-agent.rpm

            # Configure application
            cat > /var/www/html/index.html <<EOF
            <h1>Hello from ${EnvironmentName}</h1>
            <p>Instance ID: $(ec2-metadata --instance-id | cut -d " " -f 2)</p>
            <p>Availability Zone: $(ec2-metadata --availability-zone | cut -d " " -f 2)</p>
            EOF

            # Configure CloudWatch logs
            cat > /opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/etc/config.json <<EOF
            {
              "metrics": {
                "namespace": "${EnvironmentName}",
                "metrics_collected": {
                  "cpu": {
                    "measurement": [
                      "cpu_usage_idle",
                      "cpu_usage_iowait"
                    ],
                    "metrics_collection_interval": 60
                  },
                  "disk": {
                    "measurement": [
                      "used_percent"
                    ],
                    "metrics_collection_interval": 60,
                    "resources": [
                      "*"
                    ]
                  },
                  "mem": {
                    "measurement": [
                      "mem_used_percent"
                    ],
                    "metrics_collection_interval": 60
                  }
                }
              },
              "logs": {
                "logs_collected": {
                  "files": {
                    "collect_list": [
                      {
                        "file_path": "/var/log/httpd/access_log",
                        "log_group_name": "/aws/ec2/${EnvironmentName}/httpd",
                        "log_stream_name": "{instance_id}/access_log"
                      }
                    ]
                  }
                }
              }
            }
            EOF

            /opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/bin/amazon-cloudwatch-agent-ctl \
              -a fetch-config \
              -m ec2 \
              -s \
              -c file:/opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/etc/config.json
        TagSpecifications:
          - ResourceType: instance
            Tags:
              - Key: Name
                Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-instance
          - ResourceType: volume
            Tags:
              - Key: Name
                Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-volume

  # Auto Scaling Group
  AutoScalingGroup:
    Type: AWS::AutoScaling::AutoScalingGroup
    Properties:
      AutoScalingGroupName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-asg
      VPCZoneIdentifier:
        - !Ref PrivateSubnet1
        - !Ref PrivateSubnet2
        - !Ref PrivateSubnet3
      LaunchTemplate:
        LaunchTemplateId: !Ref LaunchTemplate
        Version: !GetAtt LaunchTemplate.LatestVersionNumber
      MinSize: !Ref MinSize
      MaxSize: !Ref MaxSize
      DesiredCapacity: !Ref DesiredCapacity
      HealthCheckType: ELB
      HealthCheckGracePeriod: 300
      TargetGroupARNs:
        - !Ref ALBTargetGroup
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-asg-instance
          PropagateAtLaunch: true

  # Scaling Policies
  ScaleUpPolicy:
    Type: AWS::AutoScaling::ScalingPolicy
    Properties:
      AdjustmentType: ChangeInCapacity
      AutoScalingGroupName: !Ref AutoScalingGroup
      Cooldown: 300
      ScalingAdjustment: 2

  ScaleDownPolicy:
    Type: AWS::AutoScaling::ScalingPolicy
    Properties:
      AdjustmentType: ChangeInCapacity
      AutoScalingGroupName: !Ref AutoScalingGroup
      Cooldown: 300
      ScalingAdjustment: -1

  CPUAlarmHigh:
    Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Alarm
    Properties:
      AlarmName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-cpu-high
      AlarmDescription: Trigger scaling up based on CPU utilization
      MetricName: CPUUtilization
      Namespace: AWS/EC2
      Statistic: Average
      Period: 300
      EvaluationPeriods: 2
      Threshold: 70
      ComparisonOperator: GreaterThanThreshold
      Dimensions:
        - Name: AutoScalingGroupName
          Value: !Ref AutoScalingGroup
      AlarmActions:
        - !Ref ScaleUpPolicy

  CPUAlarmLow:
    Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Alarm
    Properties:
      AlarmName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-cpu-low
      AlarmDescription: Trigger scaling down based on CPU utilization
      MetricName: CPUUtilization
      Namespace: AWS/EC2
      Statistic: Average
      Period: 300
      EvaluationPeriods: 2
      Threshold: 30
      ComparisonOperator: LessThanThreshold
      Dimensions:
        - Name: AutoScalingGroupName
          Value: !Ref AutoScalingGroup
      AlarmActions:
        - !Ref ScaleDownPolicy

  # RDS Database
  DatabaseSubnetGroup:
    Type: AWS::RDS::DBSubnetGroup
    Properties:
      DBSubnetGroupName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-db-subnet-group
      DBSubnetGroupDescription: Subnet group for RDS database
      SubnetIds:
        - !Ref DatabaseSubnet1
        - !Ref DatabaseSubnet2
        - !Ref DatabaseSubnet3
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-db-subnet-group

  DatabaseInstance:
    Type: AWS::RDS::DBInstance
    DeletionPolicy: Snapshot
    Properties:
      DBInstanceIdentifier: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-database
      DBInstanceClass: !Ref DatabaseInstanceType
      Engine: mysql
      EngineVersion: '8.0'
      MasterUsername: admin
      MasterUserPassword: !Ref DatabasePassword
      AllocatedStorage: 100
      StorageType: gp3
      StorageEncrypted: true
      VPCSecurityGroups:
        - !Ref DatabaseSecurityGroup
      DBSubnetGroupName: !Ref DatabaseSubnetGroup
      BackupRetentionPeriod: 7
      PreferredBackupWindow: "03:00-04:00"
      PreferredMaintenanceWindow: "sun:04:00-sun:05:00"
      MultiAZ: true
      EnableCloudwatchLogsExports:
        - error
        - general
        - slowquery
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-database

  # ElastiCache
  CacheSubnetGroup:
    Type: AWS::ElastiCache::SubnetGroup
    Properties:
      CacheSubnetGroupName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-cache-subnet-group
      Description: Subnet group for ElastiCache
      SubnetIds:
        - !Ref PrivateSubnet1
        - !Ref PrivateSubnet2
        - !Ref PrivateSubnet3

  CacheCluster:
    Type: AWS::ElastiCache::CacheCluster
    Properties:
      CacheClusterId: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-cache
      Engine: redis
      CacheNodeType: cache.t3.micro
      NumCacheNodes: 1
      CacheSubnetGroupName: !Ref CacheSubnetGroup
      VpcSecurityGroupIds:
        - !Ref CacheSecurityGroup
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-cache

  # IAM Role
  InstanceRole:
    Type: AWS::IAM::Role
    Properties:
      RoleName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-instance-role
      AssumeRolePolicyDocument:
        Version: '2012-10-17'
        Statement:
          - Effect: Allow
            Principal:
              Service:
                - ec2.amazonaws.com
            Action:
              - sts:AssumeRole
      ManagedPolicyArns:
        - arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/CloudWatchAgentServerPolicy
        - arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore
      Policies:
        - PolicyName: S3Access
          PolicyDocument:
            Version: '2012-10-17'
            Statement:
              - Effect: Allow
                Action:
                  - s3:GetObject
                  - s3:PutObject
                Resource:
                  - !Sub 'arn:aws:s3:::${EnvironmentName}-app-bucket/*'

  InstanceProfile:
    Type: AWS::IAM::InstanceProfile
    Properties:
      InstanceProfileName: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-instance-profile
      Roles:
        - !Ref InstanceRole

  # CloudFront Distribution
  CloudFrontDistribution:
    Type: AWS::CloudFront::Distribution
    Properties:
      DistributionConfig:
        Comment: !Sub ${EnvironmentName} CloudFront Distribution
        Enabled: true
        HttpVersion: http2
        Origins:
          - Id: ALBOrigin
            DomainName: !GetAtt ApplicationLoadBalancer.DNSName
            CustomOriginConfig:
              HTTPPort: 80
              HTTPSPort: 443
              OriginProtocolPolicy: http-only
        DefaultCacheBehavior:
          TargetOriginId: ALBOrigin
          ViewerProtocolPolicy: redirect-to-https
          AllowedMethods:
            - GET
            - HEAD
            - OPTIONS
            - PUT
            - POST
            - PATCH
            - DELETE
          CachedMethods:
            - GET
            - HEAD
          Compress: true
          ForwardedValues:
            QueryString: true
            Cookies:
              Forward: all
            Headers:
              - Authorization
              - CloudFront-Forwarded-Proto
              - CloudFront-Is-Desktop-Viewer
              - CloudFront-Is-Mobile-Viewer
              - CloudFront-Is-SmartTV-Viewer
              - CloudFront-Is-Tablet-Viewer
              - CloudFront-Viewer-Country
              - Host
              - User-Agent
        PriceClass: PriceClass_100
        Tags:
          - Key: Name
            Value: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-cloudfront

# Parameter Store for Latest AMI
Parameters:
  LatestAmiId:
    Type: AWS::SSM::Parameter::Value<AWS::EC2::Image::Id>
    Default: /aws/service/ami-amazon-linux-latest/amzn2-ami-hvm-x86_64-gp2

Outputs:
  VPCId:
    Description: VPC ID
    Value: !Ref VPC
    Export:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-VPC-ID

  PublicSubnets:
    Description: Public subnet IDs
    Value: !Join [',', [!Ref PublicSubnet1, !Ref PublicSubnet2, !Ref PublicSubnet3]]
    Export:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-PUBLIC-SUBNETS

  PrivateSubnets:
    Description: Private subnet IDs
    Value: !Join [',', [!Ref PrivateSubnet1, !Ref PrivateSubnet2, !Ref PrivateSubnet3]]
    Export:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-PRIVATE-SUBNETS

  ALBDNSName:
    Description: Application Load Balancer DNS name
    Value: !GetAtt ApplicationLoadBalancer.DNSName
    Export:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-ALB-DNS

  CloudFrontURL:
    Description: CloudFront distribution URL
    Value: !GetAtt CloudFrontDistribution.DomainName
    Export:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-CLOUDFRONT-URL

  DatabaseEndpoint:
    Description: RDS database endpoint
    Value: !GetAtt DatabaseInstance.Endpoint.Address
    Export:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-DATABASE-ENDPOINT

  CacheEndpoint:
    Description: ElastiCache endpoint
    Value: !GetAtt CacheCluster.RedisEndpoint.Address
    Export:
      Name: !Sub ${EnvironmentName}-CACHE-ENDPOINT

Claude Code

# Generate CloudFormation template
claude "Create CloudFormation stack for:
1. Serverless architecture
2. Container orchestration
3. Data lake setup
4. ML infrastructure
5. Disaster recovery"

Pulumi Programs

TypeScript Infrastructure

Cursor

// AI Prompt
Agent: "Create Pulumi program for:
- Kubernetes cluster with GitOps
- Microservices deployment
- Service mesh setup
- Observability stack
- Multi-region deployment"

// index.ts
import * as pulumi from "@pulumi/pulumi";
import * as aws from "@pulumi/aws";
import * as awsx from "@pulumi/awsx";
import * as eks from "@pulumi/eks";
import * as k8s from "@pulumi/kubernetes";
import * as cloudflare from "@pulumi/cloudflare";

// Configuration
const config = new pulumi.Config();
const environment = config.require("environment");
const region = config.get("region") || aws.config.region;
const azCount = config.getNumber("azCount") || 3;
const instanceType = config.get("instanceType") || "t3.medium";
const minSize = config.getNumber("minSize") || 2;
const maxSize = config.getNumber("maxSize") || 10;
const desiredCapacity = config.getNumber("desiredCapacity") || 4;

// Tags
const tags = {
    Environment: environment,
    ManagedBy: "pulumi",
    Project: pulumi.getProject(),
    Stack: pulumi.getStack(),
};

// Create VPC
const vpc = new awsx.ec2.Vpc(`${environment}-vpc`, {
    numberOfAvailabilityZones: azCount,
    natGateways: {
        strategy: "Single", // Or "HighlyAvailable" for production
    },
    tags: {
        ...tags,
        Name: `${environment}-vpc`,
    },
    subnets: [
        {
            type: "public",
            tags: {
                ...tags,
                "kubernetes.io/role/elb": "1",
                Type: "public",
            },
        },
        {
            type: "private",
            tags: {
                ...tags,
                "kubernetes.io/role/internal-elb": "1",
                Type: "private",
            },
        },
        {
            type: "isolated",
            name: "database",
            tags: {
                ...tags,
                Type: "database",
            },
        },
    ],
});

// Create EKS Cluster
const cluster = new eks.Cluster(`${environment}-cluster`, {
    vpcId: vpc.id,
    subnetIds: vpc.privateSubnetIds,
    instanceType: instanceType,
    desiredCapacity: desiredCapacity,
    minSize: minSize,
    maxSize: maxSize,
    nodeAssociatePublicIpAddress: false,
    version: "1.28",
    enabledClusterLogTypes: [
        "api",
        "audit",
        "authenticator",
        "controllerManager",
        "scheduler",
    ],
    tags: tags,
    // Enable OIDC provider for IRSA
    createOidcProvider: true,
    // Node group configuration
    nodeGroupOptions: {
        amiType: "AL2_x86_64",
        diskSize: 100,
        instanceTypes: [instanceType],
        labels: {
            "node.kubernetes.io/lifecycle": "normal",
        },
        taints: [],
        tags: {
            ...tags,
            Name: `${environment}-node`,
        },
    },
    // Fargate profiles for system workloads
    fargateProfiles: [
        {
            name: "system",
            selectors: [
                {
                    namespace: "kube-system",
                    labels: {
                        "fargate": "true",
                    },
                },
                {
                    namespace: "cert-manager",
                },
            ],
        },
    ],
});

// Create Kubernetes provider
const k8sProvider = new k8s.Provider(`${environment}-k8s`, {
    kubeconfig: cluster.kubeconfig,
});

// Install Metrics Server
const metricsServer = new k8s.helm.v3.Release(
    "metrics-server",
    {
        chart: "metrics-server",
        namespace: "kube-system",
        repositoryOpts: {
            repo: "https://kubernetes-sigs.github.io/metrics-server/",
        },
        values: {
            args: [
                "--cert-dir=/tmp",
                "--kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP,ExternalIP,Hostname",
                "--kubelet-use-node-status-port",
                "--metric-resolution=15s",
            ],
        },
    },
    { provider: k8sProvider }
);

// Install Cluster Autoscaler
const clusterAutoscaler = new k8s.helm.v3.Release(
    "cluster-autoscaler",
    {
        chart: "cluster-autoscaler",
        namespace: "kube-system",
        repositoryOpts: {
            repo: "https://kubernetes.github.io/autoscaler",
        },
        values: {
            autoDiscovery: {
                clusterName: cluster.eksCluster.name,
            },
            awsRegion: region,
            rbac: {
                serviceAccount: {
                    annotations: {
                        "eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn": clusterAutoscalerRole.arn,
                    },
                },
            },
        },
    },
    { provider: k8sProvider, dependsOn: [cluster] }
);

// Install AWS Load Balancer Controller
const awsLoadBalancerController = new k8s.helm.v3.Release(
    "aws-load-balancer-controller",
    {
        chart: "aws-load-balancer-controller",
        namespace: "kube-system",
        repositoryOpts: {
            repo: "https://aws.github.io/eks-charts",
        },
        values: {
            clusterName: cluster.eksCluster.name,
            serviceAccount: {
                annotations: {
                    "eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn": albControllerRole.arn,
                },
            },
        },
    },
    { provider: k8sProvider, dependsOn: [cluster] }
);

// Install Istio Service Mesh
const istioBase = new k8s.helm.v3.Release(
    "istio-base",
    {
        chart: "base",
        namespace: "istio-system",
        createNamespace: true,
        repositoryOpts: {
            repo: "https://istio-release.storage.googleapis.com/charts",
        },
    },
    { provider: k8sProvider }
);

const istiod = new k8s.helm.v3.Release(
    "istiod",
    {
        chart: "istiod",
        namespace: "istio-system",
        repositoryOpts: {
            repo: "https://istio-release.storage.googleapis.com/charts",
        },
        values: {
            pilot: {
                autoscaleEnabled: true,
                resources: {
                    requests: {
                        cpu: "100m",
                        memory: "128Mi",
                    },
                },
            },
        },
    },
    { provider: k8sProvider, dependsOn: [istioBase] }
);

const istioIngress = new k8s.helm.v3.Release(
    "istio-ingress",
    {
        chart: "gateway",
        namespace: "istio-ingress",
        createNamespace: true,
        repositoryOpts: {
            repo: "https://istio-release.storage.googleapis.com/charts",
        },
        values: {
            service: {
                type: "LoadBalancer",
                annotations: {
                    "service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-type": "nlb",
                    "service.beta.kubernetes.io/aws-load-balancer-cross-zone-load-balancing-enabled": "true",
                },
            },
        },
    },
    { provider: k8sProvider, dependsOn: [istiod] }
);

// Install Prometheus Stack
const prometheus = new k8s.helm.v3.Release(
    "prometheus",
    {
        chart: "kube-prometheus-stack",
        namespace: "monitoring",
        createNamespace: true,
        repositoryOpts: {
            repo: "https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts",
        },
        values: {
            prometheus: {
                prometheusSpec: {
                    retention: "7d",
                    storageSpec: {
                        volumeClaimTemplate: {
                            spec: {
                                storageClassName: "gp3",
                                accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"],
                                resources: {
                                    requests: {
                                        storage: "50Gi",
                                    },
                                },
                            },
                        },
                    },
                    serviceMonitorSelectorNilUsesHelmValues: false,
                    podMonitorSelectorNilUsesHelmValues: false,
                },
            },
            grafana: {
                adminPassword: config.requireSecret("grafanaPassword"),
                ingress: {
                    enabled: true,
                    annotations: {
                        "kubernetes.io/ingress.class": "istio",
                    },
                    hosts: [`grafana.${environment}.example.com`],
                },
            },
        },
    },
    { provider: k8sProvider }
);

// Install Loki for Logging
const loki = new k8s.helm.v3.Release(
    "loki",
    {
        chart: "loki-stack",
        namespace: "monitoring",
        repositoryOpts: {
            repo: "https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts",
        },
        values: {
            loki: {
                persistence: {
                    enabled: true,
                    size: "50Gi",
                    storageClassName: "gp3",
                },
            },
            promtail: {
                enabled: true,
            },
        },
    },
    { provider: k8sProvider, dependsOn: [prometheus] }
);

// Create RDS Database
const dbSubnetGroup = new aws.rds.SubnetGroup(`${environment}-db-subnet`, {
    subnetIds: vpc.isolatedSubnetIds,
    tags: {
        ...tags,
        Name: `${environment}-db-subnet-group`,
    },
});

const dbSecurityGroup = new aws.ec2.SecurityGroup(`${environment}-db-sg`, {
    vpcId: vpc.id,
    ingress: [
        {
            protocol: "tcp",
            fromPort: 5432,
            toPort: 5432,
            securityGroups: [cluster.nodeSecurityGroup.id],
        },
    ],
    egress: [
        {
            protocol: "-1",
            fromPort: 0,
            toPort: 0,
            cidrBlocks: ["0.0.0.0/0"],
        },
    ],
    tags: {
        ...tags,
        Name: `${environment}-db-sg`,
    },
});

const database = new aws.rds.Instance(`${environment}-db`, {
    engine: "postgres",
    engineVersion: "15.4",
    instanceClass: "db.t3.medium",
    allocatedStorage: 100,
    storageType: "gp3",
    storageEncrypted: true,
    dbName: "app",
    username: "dbadmin",
    password: config.requireSecret("dbPassword"),
    vpcSecurityGroupIds: [dbSecurityGroup.id],
    dbSubnetGroupName: dbSubnetGroup.name,
    backupRetentionPeriod: 7,
    backupWindow: "03:00-04:00",
    maintenanceWindow: "sun:04:00-sun:05:00",
    multiAz: true,
    skipFinalSnapshot: false,
    finalSnapshotIdentifier: `${environment}-db-final-snapshot`,
    tags: {
        ...tags,
        Name: `${environment}-database`,
    },
});

// Create S3 Buckets
const appBucket = new aws.s3.BucketV2(`${environment}-app`, {
    bucket: `${environment}-app-${pulumi.getStack()}`,
    tags: tags,
});

const appBucketVersioning = new aws.s3.BucketVersioningV2(
    `${environment}-app-versioning`,
    {
        bucket: appBucket.id,
        versioningConfiguration: {
            status: "Enabled",
        },
    }
);

const appBucketEncryption = new aws.s3.BucketServerSideEncryptionConfigurationV2(
    `${environment}-app-encryption`,
    {
        bucket: appBucket.id,
        rules: [
            {
                applyServerSideEncryptionByDefault: {
                    sseAlgorithm: "AES256",
                },
            },
        ],
    }
);

// Create IAM Roles for IRSA
const clusterAutoscalerRole = new aws.iam.Role(
    `${environment}-cluster-autoscaler`,
    {
        assumeRolePolicy: pulumi
            .all([cluster.core.oidcProvider?.arn, cluster.core.oidcProvider?.url])
            .apply(([arn, url]) => {
                return JSON.stringify({
                    Version: "2012-10-17",
                    Statement: [
                        {
                            Effect: "Allow",
                            Principal: {
                                Federated: arn,
                            },
                            Action: "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity",
                            Condition: {
                                StringEquals: {
                                    [`${url}:sub`]: "system:serviceaccount:kube-system:cluster-autoscaler",
                                },
                            },
                        },
                    ],
                });
            }),
        tags: tags,
    }
);

const clusterAutoscalerPolicy = new aws.iam.RolePolicy(
    `${environment}-cluster-autoscaler-policy`,
    {
        role: clusterAutoscalerRole.name,
        policy: JSON.stringify({
            Version: "2012-10-17",
            Statement: [
                {
                    Effect: "Allow",
                    Action: [
                        "autoscaling:DescribeAutoScalingGroups",
                        "autoscaling:DescribeAutoScalingInstances",
                        "autoscaling:DescribeLaunchConfigurations",
                        "autoscaling:DescribeTags",
                        "autoscaling:SetDesiredCapacity",
                        "autoscaling:TerminateInstanceInAutoScalingGroup",
                        "ec2:DescribeLaunchTemplateVersions",
                    ],
                    Resource: "*",
                },
            ],
        }),
    }
);

const albControllerRole = new aws.iam.Role(
    `${environment}-alb-controller`,
    {
        assumeRolePolicy: pulumi
            .all([cluster.core.oidcProvider?.arn, cluster.core.oidcProvider?.url])
            .apply(([arn, url]) => {
                return JSON.stringify({
                    Version: "2012-10-17",
                    Statement: [
                        {
                            Effect: "Allow",
                            Principal: {
                                Federated: arn,
                            },
                            Action: "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity",
                            Condition: {
                                StringEquals: {
                                    [`${url}:sub`]: "system:serviceaccount:kube-system:aws-load-balancer-controller",
                                },
                            },
                        },
                    ],
                });
            }),
        tags: tags,
    }
);

// Attach AWS Load Balancer Controller policy
const albControllerPolicyAttachment = new aws.iam.RolePolicyAttachment(
    `${environment}-alb-controller-policy`,
    {
        role: albControllerRole.name,
        policyArn: "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/ElasticLoadBalancingFullAccess",
    }
);

// Create CloudFront Distribution
const cdn = new aws.cloudfront.Distribution(`${environment}-cdn`, {
    enabled: true,
    isIpv6Enabled: true,
    comment: `${environment} CloudFront Distribution`,
    defaultRootObject: "index.html",
    priceClass: "PriceClass_100",

    origins: [
        {
            domainName: appBucket.bucketRegionalDomainName.apply(d => d),
            originId: "S3-Origin",
            s3OriginConfig: {
                originAccessIdentity: originAccessIdentity.cloudfrontAccessIdentityPath,
            },
        },
        {
            domainName: istioIngress.status.apply(
                s => s.loadBalancer?.ingress?.[0]?.hostname || ""
            ),
            originId: "API-Origin",
            customOriginConfig: {
                httpPort: 80,
                httpsPort: 443,
                originProtocolPolicy: "https-only",
                originSslProtocols: ["TLSv1.2"],
            },
        },
    ],

    defaultCacheBehavior: {
        targetOriginId: "S3-Origin",
        viewerProtocolPolicy: "redirect-to-https",
        allowedMethods: ["GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"],
        cachedMethods: ["GET", "HEAD"],
        compress: true,
        forwardedValues: {
            queryString: false,
            cookies: {
                forward: "none",
            },
        },
        minTtl: 0,
        defaultTtl: 3600,
        maxTtl: 86400,
    },

    orderedCacheBehaviors: [
        {
            pathPattern: "/api/*",
            targetOriginId: "API-Origin",
            viewerProtocolPolicy: "https-only",
            allowedMethods: ["GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS", "PUT", "POST", "PATCH", "DELETE"],
            cachedMethods: ["GET", "HEAD"],
            compress: true,
            forwardedValues: {
                queryString: true,
                headers: ["Authorization", "Content-Type"],
                cookies: {
                    forward: "all",
                },
            },
            minTtl: 0,
            defaultTtl: 0,
            maxTtl: 0,
        },
    ],

    customErrorResponses: [
        {
            errorCode: 404,
            responseCode: 200,
            responsePagePath: "/index.html",
            errorCachingMinTtl: 300,
        },
    ],

    restrictions: {
        geoRestriction: {
            restrictionType: "none",
        },
    },

    viewerCertificate: {
        cloudfrontDefaultCertificate: true,
    },

    tags: tags,
});

const originAccessIdentity = new aws.cloudfront.OriginAccessIdentity(
    `${environment}-oai`,
    {
        comment: `OAI for ${environment} S3 bucket`,
    }
);

// Bucket Policy for CloudFront
const bucketPolicy = new aws.s3.BucketPolicy(`${environment}-bucket-policy`, {
    bucket: appBucket.id,
    policy: pulumi.all([appBucket.arn, originAccessIdentity.iamArn]).apply(
        ([bucketArn, oaiArn]) =>
            JSON.stringify({
                Version: "2012-10-17",
                Statement: [
                    {
                        Effect: "Allow",
                        Principal: {
                            AWS: oaiArn,
                        },
                        Action: "s3:GetObject",
                        Resource: `${bucketArn}/*`,
                    },
                ],
            })
    ),
});

// Export outputs
export const vpcId = vpc.id;
export const clusterName = cluster.eksCluster.name;
export const kubeconfig = cluster.kubeconfig;
export const databaseEndpoint = database.endpoint;
export const databasePort = database.port;
export const appBucketName = appBucket.bucket;
export const cdnDomainName = cdn.domainName;
export const istioIngressEndpoint = istioIngress.status.apply(
    s => s.loadBalancer?.ingress?.[0]?.hostname || ""
);

// Stack outputs for reference
export const stackOutputs = {
    vpc: {
        id: vpc.id,
        publicSubnets: vpc.publicSubnetIds,
        privateSubnets: vpc.privateSubnetIds,
        databaseSubnets: vpc.isolatedSubnetIds,
    },
    eks: {
        clusterName: cluster.eksCluster.name,
        clusterEndpoint: cluster.eksCluster.endpoint,
        nodeSecurityGroup: cluster.nodeSecurityGroup.id,
    },
    database: {
        endpoint: database.endpoint,
        port: database.port,
    },
    storage: {
        appBucket: appBucket.bucket,
    },
    cdn: {
        domainName: cdn.domainName,
        distributionId: cdn.id,
    },
};

Claude Code

# Generate Pulumi program
claude "Create Pulumi infrastructure with:
1. Multi-cloud deployment (AWS + Azure)
2. Kubernetes GitOps setup
3. Service mesh configuration
4. Disaster recovery
5. Cost optimization features"

Python Infrastructure

# AI Prompt: "Create Pulumi Python program for data platform infrastructure"

"""Data Platform Infrastructure with Pulumi Python"""
import pulumi
import pulumi_aws as aws
import pulumi_kubernetes as k8s
from pulumi import Config, Output, export
import json

# Configuration
config = Config()
environment = config.require("environment")
region = config.get("region") or "us-east-1"
vpc_cidr = config.get("vpcCidr") or "10.0.0.0/16"

# Common tags
tags = {
    "Environment": environment,
    "ManagedBy": "pulumi",
    "Project": pulumi.get_project(),
    "Stack": pulumi.get_stack(),
}

# Create VPC
vpc = aws.ec2.Vpc(
    f"{environment}-vpc",
    cidr_block=vpc_cidr,
    enable_dns_hostnames=True,
    enable_dns_support=True,
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-vpc"},
)

# Create Internet Gateway
igw = aws.ec2.InternetGateway(
    f"{environment}-igw",
    vpc_id=vpc.id,
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-igw"},
)

# Get availability zones
azs = aws.get_availability_zones(state="available")

# Create subnets
public_subnets = []
private_subnets = []
database_subnets = []

for i in range(3):
    # Public subnet
    public_subnet = aws.ec2.Subnet(
        f"{environment}-public-{i+1}",
        vpc_id=vpc.id,
        cidr_block=f"10.0.{i+1}.0/24",
        availability_zone=azs.names[i],
        map_public_ip_on_launch=True,
        tags={
            **tags,
            "Name": f"{environment}-public-{i+1}",
            "Type": "public",
            "kubernetes.io/role/elb": "1",
        },
    )
    public_subnets.append(public_subnet)

    # Private subnet
    private_subnet = aws.ec2.Subnet(
        f"{environment}-private-{i+1}",
        vpc_id=vpc.id,
        cidr_block=f"10.0.{i+11}.0/24",
        availability_zone=azs.names[i],
        tags={
            **tags,
            "Name": f"{environment}-private-{i+1}",
            "Type": "private",
            "kubernetes.io/role/internal-elb": "1",
        },
    )
    private_subnets.append(private_subnet)

    # Database subnet
    database_subnet = aws.ec2.Subnet(
        f"{environment}-database-{i+1}",
        vpc_id=vpc.id,
        cidr_block=f"10.0.{i+21}.0/24",
        availability_zone=azs.names[i],
        tags={
            **tags,
            "Name": f"{environment}-database-{i+1}",
            "Type": "database",
        },
    )
    database_subnets.append(database_subnet)

# Create NAT Gateway
eip = aws.ec2.Eip(
    f"{environment}-nat-eip",
    domain="vpc",
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-nat-eip"},
)

nat_gateway = aws.ec2.NatGateway(
    f"{environment}-nat",
    allocation_id=eip.id,
    subnet_id=public_subnets[0].id,
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-nat"},
)

# Route tables
public_route_table = aws.ec2.RouteTable(
    f"{environment}-public-rt",
    vpc_id=vpc.id,
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-public-rt"},
)

public_route = aws.ec2.Route(
    f"{environment}-public-route",
    route_table_id=public_route_table.id,
    destination_cidr_block="0.0.0.0/0",
    gateway_id=igw.id,
)

# Associate public subnets with public route table
for i, subnet in enumerate(public_subnets):
    aws.ec2.RouteTableAssociation(
        f"{environment}-public-rta-{i+1}",
        subnet_id=subnet.id,
        route_table_id=public_route_table.id,
    )

# Private route table
private_route_table = aws.ec2.RouteTable(
    f"{environment}-private-rt",
    vpc_id=vpc.id,
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-private-rt"},
)

private_route = aws.ec2.Route(
    f"{environment}-private-route",
    route_table_id=private_route_table.id,
    destination_cidr_block="0.0.0.0/0",
    nat_gateway_id=nat_gateway.id,
)

# Associate private subnets with private route table
for i, subnet in enumerate(private_subnets):
    aws.ec2.RouteTableAssociation(
        f"{environment}-private-rta-{i+1}",
        subnet_id=subnet.id,
        route_table_id=private_route_table.id,
    )

# Security Groups
alb_sg = aws.ec2.SecurityGroup(
    f"{environment}-alb-sg",
    vpc_id=vpc.id,
    description="Security group for Application Load Balancer",
    ingress=[
        {
            "protocol": "tcp",
            "from_port": 80,
            "to_port": 80,
            "cidr_blocks": ["0.0.0.0/0"],
        },
        {
            "protocol": "tcp",
            "from_port": 443,
            "to_port": 443,
            "cidr_blocks": ["0.0.0.0/0"],
        },
    ],
    egress=[
        {
            "protocol": "-1",
            "from_port": 0,
            "to_port": 0,
            "cidr_blocks": ["0.0.0.0/0"],
        },
    ],
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-alb-sg"},
)

app_sg = aws.ec2.SecurityGroup(
    f"{environment}-app-sg",
    vpc_id=vpc.id,
    description="Security group for application servers",
    ingress=[
        {
            "protocol": "tcp",
            "from_port": 80,
            "to_port": 80,
            "security_groups": [alb_sg.id],
        },
    ],
    egress=[
        {
            "protocol": "-1",
            "from_port": 0,
            "to_port": 0,
            "cidr_blocks": ["0.0.0.0/0"],
        },
    ],
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-app-sg"},
)

db_sg = aws.ec2.SecurityGroup(
    f"{environment}-db-sg",
    vpc_id=vpc.id,
    description="Security group for database",
    ingress=[
        {
            "protocol": "tcp",
            "from_port": 5432,
            "to_port": 5432,
            "security_groups": [app_sg.id],
        },
    ],
    egress=[
        {
            "protocol": "-1",
            "from_port": 0,
            "to_port": 0,
            "cidr_blocks": ["0.0.0.0/0"],
        },
    ],
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-db-sg"},
)

# RDS Subnet Group
db_subnet_group = aws.rds.SubnetGroup(
    f"{environment}-db-subnet-group",
    subnet_ids=[subnet.id for subnet in database_subnets],
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-db-subnet-group"},
)

# RDS Instance
database = aws.rds.Instance(
    f"{environment}-database",
    engine="postgres",
    engine_version="15.4",
    instance_class="db.t3.medium",
    allocated_storage=100,
    storage_type="gp3",
    storage_encrypted=True,
    db_name="app",
    username="dbadmin",
    password=config.require_secret("dbPassword"),
    vpc_security_group_ids=[db_sg.id],
    db_subnet_group_name=db_subnet_group.name,
    backup_retention_period=7,
    backup_window="03:00-04:00",
    maintenance_window="sun:04:00-sun:05:00",
    multi_az=True,
    skip_final_snapshot=False,
    final_snapshot_identifier=f"{environment}-db-final-snapshot",
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-database"},
)

# S3 Buckets for Data Lake
data_lake_bucket = aws.s3.BucketV2(
    f"{environment}-data-lake",
    bucket=f"{environment}-data-lake-{pulumi.get_stack()}",
    tags=tags,
)

# Enable versioning
aws.s3.BucketVersioningV2(
    f"{environment}-data-lake-versioning",
    bucket=data_lake_bucket.id,
    versioning_configuration={
        "status": "Enabled",
    },
)

# Enable encryption
aws.s3.BucketServerSideEncryptionConfigurationV2(
    f"{environment}-data-lake-encryption",
    bucket=data_lake_bucket.id,
    rules=[
        {
            "apply_server_side_encryption_by_default": {
                "sse_algorithm": "AES256",
            },
        },
    ],
)

# Lifecycle rules for data lake
aws.s3.BucketLifecycleConfigurationV2(
    f"{environment}-data-lake-lifecycle",
    bucket=data_lake_bucket.id,
    rules=[
        {
            "id": "archive-old-data",
            "status": "Enabled",
            "transitions": [
                {
                    "days": 30,
                    "storage_class": "STANDARD_IA",
                },
                {
                    "days": 90,
                    "storage_class": "GLACIER",
                },
            ],
        },
        {
            "id": "delete-temp-data",
            "status": "Enabled",
            "filter": {
                "prefix": "temp/",
            },
            "expiration": {
                "days": 7,
            },
        },
    ],
)

# EMR Cluster for Big Data Processing
emr_role = aws.iam.Role(
    f"{environment}-emr-role",
    assume_role_policy=json.dumps({
        "Version": "2012-10-17",
        "Statement": [
            {
                "Effect": "Allow",
                "Principal": {
                    "Service": "elasticmapreduce.amazonaws.com",
                },
                "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
            },
        ],
    }),
    tags=tags,
)

aws.iam.RolePolicyAttachment(
    f"{environment}-emr-policy",
    role=emr_role.name,
    policy_arn="arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonElasticMapReduceRole",
)

emr_ec2_role = aws.iam.Role(
    f"{environment}-emr-ec2-role",
    assume_role_policy=json.dumps({
        "Version": "2012-10-17",
        "Statement": [
            {
                "Effect": "Allow",
                "Principal": {
                    "Service": "ec2.amazonaws.com",
                },
                "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
            },
        ],
    }),
    tags=tags,
)

aws.iam.RolePolicyAttachment(
    f"{environment}-emr-ec2-policy",
    role=emr_ec2_role.name,
    policy_arn="arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonElasticMapReduceforEC2Role",
)

emr_ec2_instance_profile = aws.iam.InstanceProfile(
    f"{environment}-emr-ec2-profile",
    role=emr_ec2_role.name,
)

# EMR Cluster
emr_cluster = aws.emr.Cluster(
    f"{environment}-emr",
    release_label="emr-6.15.0",
    applications=["Spark", "Hadoop", "Hive", "JupyterHub"],
    termination_protection=False,
    keep_job_flow_alive_when_no_steps=True,
    scale_down_behavior="TERMINATE_AT_TASK_COMPLETION",
    service_role=emr_role.arn,
    ec2_attributes={
        "subnet_id": private_subnets[0].id,
        "emr_managed_master_security_group": app_sg.id,
        "emr_managed_slave_security_group": app_sg.id,
        "instance_profile": emr_ec2_instance_profile.arn,
        "key_name": config.get("keyPairName"),
    },
    master_instance_group={
        "instance_type": "m5.xlarge",
        "instance_count": 1,
    },
    core_instance_group={
        "instance_type": "m5.xlarge",
        "instance_count": 2,
        "bid_price": "0.1",
    },
    configurations=json.dumps([
        {
            "Classification": "spark-defaults",
            "Properties": {
                "spark.dynamicAllocation.enabled": "true",
                "spark.executor.memory": "4g",
                "spark.executor.cores": "2",
            },
        },
    ]),
    log_uri=Output.concat("s3://", data_lake_bucket.bucket, "/emr-logs/"),
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-emr"},
)

# Lambda Functions for Data Processing
lambda_role = aws.iam.Role(
    f"{environment}-lambda-role",
    assume_role_policy=json.dumps({
        "Version": "2012-10-17",
        "Statement": [
            {
                "Effect": "Allow",
                "Principal": {
                    "Service": "lambda.amazonaws.com",
                },
                "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
            },
        ],
    }),
    tags=tags,
)

# Attach policies to Lambda role
aws.iam.RolePolicyAttachment(
    f"{environment}-lambda-basic",
    role=lambda_role.name,
    policy_arn="arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole",
)

# Lambda policy for S3 and DynamoDB access
lambda_policy = aws.iam.RolePolicy(
    f"{environment}-lambda-policy",
    role=lambda_role.name,
    policy=Output.all(data_lake_bucket.arn).apply(
        lambda args: json.dumps({
            "Version": "2012-10-17",
            "Statement": [
                {
                    "Effect": "Allow",
                    "Action": [
                        "s3:GetObject",
                        "s3:PutObject",
                        "s3:DeleteObject",
                    ],
                    "Resource": f"{args[0]}/*",
                },
                {
                    "Effect": "Allow",
                    "Action": [
                        "dynamodb:PutItem",
                        "dynamodb:GetItem",
                        "dynamodb:Query",
                        "dynamodb:Scan",
                    ],
                    "Resource": "*",
                },
            ],
        })
    ),
)

# Data processing Lambda
data_processor = aws.lambda_.Function(
    f"{environment}-data-processor",
    runtime="python3.11",
    handler="index.handler",
    role=lambda_role.arn,
    timeout=300,
    memory_size=1024,
    environment={
        "variables": {
            "ENVIRONMENT": environment,
            "DATA_BUCKET": data_lake_bucket.bucket,
        },
    },
    code=pulumi.AssetArchive({
        ".": pulumi.FileArchive("./lambda/data-processor"),
    }),
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-data-processor"},
)

# EventBridge Rule for scheduled processing
processing_schedule = aws.cloudwatch.EventRule(
    f"{environment}-processing-schedule",
    schedule_expression="rate(1 hour)",
    tags=tags,
)

aws.cloudwatch.EventTarget(
    f"{environment}-processing-target",
    rule=processing_schedule.name,
    arn=data_processor.arn,
)

aws.lambda_.Permission(
    f"{environment}-processing-permission",
    action="lambda:InvokeFunction",
    function=data_processor.name,
    principal="events.amazonaws.com",
    source_arn=processing_schedule.arn,
)

# Glue Catalog Database
glue_database = aws.glue.CatalogDatabase(
    f"{environment}-glue-db",
    name=f"{environment}_data_catalog",
    description=f"Data catalog for {environment} environment",
)

# Athena Workgroup
athena_workgroup = aws.athena.Workgroup(
    f"{environment}-athena-workgroup",
    name=f"{environment}-workgroup",
    configuration={
        "result_configuration": {
            "output_location": Output.concat("s3://", data_lake_bucket.bucket, "/athena-results/"),
        },
        "enforce_workgroup_configuration": True,
        "publish_cloudwatch_metrics_enabled": True,
    },
    tags=tags,
)

# Kinesis Data Stream
kinesis_stream = aws.kinesis.Stream(
    f"{environment}-stream",
    name=f"{environment}-data-stream",
    shard_count=2,
    retention_period=24,
    shard_level_metrics=[
        "IncomingBytes",
        "OutgoingBytes",
    ],
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-stream"},
)

# Kinesis Firehose for S3 delivery
firehose_role = aws.iam.Role(
    f"{environment}-firehose-role",
    assume_role_policy=json.dumps({
        "Version": "2012-10-17",
        "Statement": [
            {
                "Effect": "Allow",
                "Principal": {
                    "Service": "firehose.amazonaws.com",
                },
                "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
            },
        ],
    }),
    tags=tags,
)

firehose_policy = aws.iam.RolePolicy(
    f"{environment}-firehose-policy",
    role=firehose_role.name,
    policy=Output.all(data_lake_bucket.arn, kinesis_stream.arn).apply(
        lambda args: json.dumps({
            "Version": "2012-10-17",
            "Statement": [
                {
                    "Effect": "Allow",
                    "Action": [
                        "s3:PutObject",
                        "s3:GetObject",
                        "s3:ListBucket",
                    ],
                    "Resource": [
                        args[0],
                        f"{args[0]}/*",
                    ],
                },
                {
                    "Effect": "Allow",
                    "Action": [
                        "kinesis:DescribeStream",
                        "kinesis:GetShardIterator",
                        "kinesis:GetRecords",
                        "kinesis:ListShards",
                    ],
                    "Resource": args[1],
                },
            ],
        })
    ),
)

firehose_delivery_stream = aws.kinesis.FirehoseDeliveryStream(
    f"{environment}-firehose",
    name=f"{environment}-s3-delivery",
    destination="extended_s3",
    kinesis_source_configuration={
        "kinesis_stream_arn": kinesis_stream.arn,
        "role_arn": firehose_role.arn,
    },
    extended_s3_configuration={
        "role_arn": firehose_role.arn,
        "bucket_arn": data_lake_bucket.arn,
        "prefix": "raw-data/year=!{timestamp:yyyy}/month=!{timestamp:MM}/day=!{timestamp:dd}/",
        "error_output_prefix": "error-data/",
        "buffering_interval": 60,
        "buffering_size": 5,
        "compression_format": "GZIP",
        "data_format_conversion_configuration": {
            "enabled": True,
            "output_format_configuration": {
                "serializer": {
                    "parquet_serde": {},
                },
            },
            "schema_configuration": {
                "database_name": glue_database.name,
                "table_name": "raw_events",
                "role_arn": firehose_role.arn,
            },
        },
    },
    tags={**tags, "Name": f"{environment}-firehose"},
)

# Exports
export("vpc_id", vpc.id)
export("database_endpoint", database.endpoint)
export("data_lake_bucket", data_lake_bucket.bucket)
export("kinesis_stream_name", kinesis_stream.name)
export("emr_cluster_id", emr_cluster.id)
export("athena_workgroup", athena_workgroup.name)

# Component Resources for better organization
class DataPlatform(pulumi.ComponentResource):
    def __init__(self, name, opts=None):
        super().__init__("custom:infrastructure:DataPlatform", name, None, opts)

        # All resources created above would be children of this component
        # This provides better organization in the Pulumi console

data_platform = DataPlatform(f"{environment}-data-platform")

Ansible Playbooks

Infrastructure Configuration

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create Ansible playbook for:
- Server hardening
- Application deployment
- Database configuration
- Monitoring setup
- Security compliance"

# site.yml - Main playbook
---
- name: Configure Infrastructure
  hosts: all
  become: yes
  gather_facts: yes
  vars_files:
    - vars/common.yml
    - "vars/{{ environment }}.yml"

  pre_tasks:
    - name: Update package cache
      package:
        update_cache: yes
      changed_when: false

    - name: Install common packages
      package:
        name: "{{ common_packages }}"
        state: present

  roles:
    - role: common
      tags: common
    - role: security
      tags: security
    - role: monitoring
      tags: monitoring

# roles/common/tasks/main.yml
---
- name: Configure system settings
  include_tasks: system.yml

- name: Configure users and groups
  include_tasks: users.yml

- name: Configure SSH
  include_tasks: ssh.yml

- name: Configure firewall
  include_tasks: firewall.yml

# roles/common/tasks/system.yml
---
- name: Set hostname
  hostname:
    name: "{{ inventory_hostname }}"

- name: Configure timezone
  timezone:
    name: "{{ timezone | default('UTC') }}"

- name: Configure sysctl parameters
  sysctl:
    name: "{{ item.key }}"
    value: "{{ item.value }}"
    state: present
    reload: yes
  loop: "{{ sysctl_parameters | dict2items }}"
  when: sysctl_parameters is defined

- name: Configure system limits
  pam_limits:
    domain: "*"
    limit_type: "{{ item.type }}"
    limit_item: "{{ item.item }}"
    value: "{{ item.value }}"
  loop:
    - { type: 'soft', item: 'nofile', value: '65536' }
    - { type: 'hard', item: 'nofile', value: '65536' }
    - { type: 'soft', item: 'nproc', value: '65536' }
    - { type: 'hard', item: 'nproc', value: '65536' }

# roles/common/tasks/users.yml
---
- name: Create application user
  user:
    name: "{{ app_user }}"
    shell: /bin/bash
    home: "/home/{{ app_user }}"
    create_home: yes
    groups: "{{ app_groups | default([]) }}"

- name: Create admin users
  user:
    name: "{{ item.name }}"
    shell: /bin/bash
    groups: "{{ item.groups | default(['sudo']) }}"
    create_home: yes
    password: "{{ item.password | password_hash('sha512') }}"
  loop: "{{ admin_users }}"
  when: admin_users is defined

- name: Add SSH keys for users
  authorized_key:
    user: "{{ item.0.name }}"
    key: "{{ item.1 }}"
    state: present
  loop: "{{ admin_users | subelements('ssh_keys', skip_missing=True) }}"
  when: admin_users is defined

# roles/security/tasks/main.yml
---
- name: Install security packages
  package:
    name:
      - fail2ban
      - aide
      - rkhunter
      - auditd
      - apparmor
    state: present

- name: Configure fail2ban
  template:
    src: fail2ban.local.j2
    dest: /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
    owner: root
    group: root
    mode: '0644'
  notify: restart fail2ban

- name: Configure auditd rules
  template:
    src: audit.rules.j2
    dest: /etc/audit/rules.d/audit.rules
    owner: root
    group: root
    mode: '0640'
  notify: restart auditd

- name: Enable and start security services
  systemd:
    name: "{{ item }}"
    enabled: yes
    state: started
  loop:
    - fail2ban
    - auditd
    - apparmor

- name: Configure automatic security updates
  copy:
    content: |
      APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists "1";
      APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages "1";
      APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval "7";
      APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade "1";
    dest: /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades
    owner: root
    group: root
    mode: '0644'
  when: ansible_os_family == "Debian"

# roles/security/tasks/hardening.yml
---
- name: Disable unnecessary services
  systemd:
    name: "{{ item }}"
    enabled: no
    state: stopped
  loop: "{{ disabled_services }}"
  failed_when: false

- name: Set secure kernel parameters
  sysctl:
    name: "{{ item.key }}"
    value: "{{ item.value }}"
    state: present
    reload: yes
  loop:
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies', value: '1' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.ip_forward', value: '0' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects', value: '0' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects', value: '0' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route', value: '0' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route', value: '0' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects', value: '0' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects', value: '0' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians', value: '1' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians', value: '1' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts', value: '1' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses', value: '1' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter', value: '1' }
    - { key: 'net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter', value: '1' }

- name: Configure secure SSH settings
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    regexp: "^#?{{ item.key }}"
    line: "{{ item.key }} {{ item.value }}"
    state: present
  loop:
    - { key: 'PermitRootLogin', value: 'no' }
    - { key: 'PasswordAuthentication', value: 'no' }
    - { key: 'PermitEmptyPasswords', value: 'no' }
    - { key: 'X11Forwarding', value: 'no' }
    - { key: 'MaxAuthTries', value: '3' }
    - { key: 'ClientAliveInterval', value: '300' }
    - { key: 'ClientAliveCountMax', value: '0' }
    - { key: 'LoginGraceTime', value: '60' }
    - { key: 'Protocol', value: '2' }
    - { key: 'StrictModes', value: 'yes' }
    - { key: 'IgnoreRhosts', value: 'yes' }
    - { key: 'HostbasedAuthentication', value: 'no' }
  notify: restart ssh

# playbooks/deploy-app.yml
---
- name: Deploy Application
  hosts: app_servers
  become: yes
  vars:
    app_version: "{{ version | default('latest') }}"
    deployment_user: "{{ app_user }}"
    app_port: 3000

  tasks:
    - name: Create application directories
      file:
        path: "{{ item }}"
        state: directory
        owner: "{{ deployment_user }}"
        group: "{{ deployment_user }}"
        mode: '0755'
      loop:
        - /opt/{{ app_name }}
        - /opt/{{ app_name }}/releases
        - /opt/{{ app_name }}/shared
        - /opt/{{ app_name }}/shared/logs
        - /opt/{{ app_name }}/shared/tmp

    - name: Download application artifact
      get_url:
        url: "{{ artifact_url }}/{{ app_name }}-{{ app_version }}.tar.gz"
        dest: "/opt/{{ app_name }}/releases/{{ app_name }}-{{ app_version }}.tar.gz"
        owner: "{{ deployment_user }}"
        group: "{{ deployment_user }}"
        mode: '0644'
        checksum: "sha256:{{ artifact_checksum }}"
      when: artifact_checksum is defined

    - name: Extract application
      unarchive:
        src: "/opt/{{ app_name }}/releases/{{ app_name }}-{{ app_version }}.tar.gz"
        dest: "/opt/{{ app_name }}/releases/"
        remote_src: yes
        owner: "{{ deployment_user }}"
        group: "{{ deployment_user }}"
        creates: "/opt/{{ app_name }}/releases/{{ app_version }}"

    - name: Install Node.js dependencies
      npm:
        path: "/opt/{{ app_name }}/releases/{{ app_version }}"
        production: yes
      become_user: "{{ deployment_user }}"
      when: app_type == "nodejs"

    - name: Run database migrations
      command: npm run migrate
      args:
        chdir: "/opt/{{ app_name }}/releases/{{ app_version }}"
      environment:
        NODE_ENV: production
        DATABASE_URL: "{{ database_url }}"
      become_user: "{{ deployment_user }}"
      when: run_migrations | default(false)

    - name: Create systemd service
      template:
        src: app.service.j2
        dest: "/etc/systemd/system/{{ app_name }}.service"
        owner: root
        group: root
        mode: '0644'
      notify:
        - reload systemd
        - restart app

    - name: Update symlink to new version
      file:
        src: "/opt/{{ app_name }}/releases/{{ app_version }}"
        dest: "/opt/{{ app_name }}/current"
        state: link
        owner: "{{ deployment_user }}"
        group: "{{ deployment_user }}"

    - name: Configure nginx
      template:
        src: nginx-app.conf.j2
        dest: "/etc/nginx/sites-available/{{ app_name }}.conf"
        owner: root
        group: root
        mode: '0644'
      notify: reload nginx

    - name: Enable nginx site
      file:
        src: "/etc/nginx/sites-available/{{ app_name }}.conf"
        dest: "/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/{{ app_name }}.conf"
        state: link
      notify: reload nginx

    - name: Start and enable application
      systemd:
        name: "{{ app_name }}"
        enabled: yes
        state: started
        daemon_reload: yes

  handlers:
    - name: reload systemd
      systemd:
        daemon_reload: yes

    - name: restart app
      systemd:
        name: "{{ app_name }}"
        state: restarted

    - name: reload nginx
      systemd:
        name: nginx
        state: reloaded

# playbooks/rolling-update.yml
---
- name: Rolling Update Application
  hosts: app_servers
  become: yes
  serial: "{{ rolling_update_batch_size | default(1) }}"
  max_fail_percentage: "{{ max_fail_percentage | default(0) }}"

  pre_tasks:
    - name: Remove server from load balancer
      uri:
        url: "{{ lb_api_url }}/pools/{{ lb_pool_id }}/members/{{ inventory_hostname }}"
        method: DELETE
        headers:
          Authorization: "Bearer {{ lb_api_token }}"
      delegate_to: localhost

    - name: Wait for connections to drain
      wait_for:
        port: "{{ app_port }}"
        state: drained
        timeout: 30

  tasks:
    - name: Deploy new version
      include_tasks: deploy-tasks.yml

    - name: Health check
      uri:
        url: "http://{{ inventory_hostname }}:{{ app_port }}/health"
        method: GET
        status_code: 200
      retries: 5
      delay: 10

  post_tasks:
    - name: Add server back to load balancer
      uri:
        url: "{{ lb_api_url }}/pools/{{ lb_pool_id }}/members"
        method: POST
        headers:
          Authorization: "Bearer {{ lb_api_token }}"
        body_format: json
        body:
          address: "{{ inventory_hostname }}"
          port: "{{ app_port }}"
          weight: 1
      delegate_to: localhost

Claude Code

# Generate Ansible playbooks
claude "Create Ansible automation for:
1. Kubernetes cluster setup
2. Database replication
3. Disaster recovery
4. Compliance scanning
5. Multi-cloud deployment"

GitOps Workflows

ArgoCD Configuration

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create GitOps setup with:
- ArgoCD application manifests
- Multi-environment configuration
- Progressive deployment
- Secret management
- Monitoring integration"

# argocd/applications/production.yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Application
metadata:
  name: production-app
  namespace: argocd
  finalizers:
    - resources-finalizer.argocd.argoproj.io
spec:
  project: production
  source:
    repoURL: https://github.com/company/infrastructure
    targetRevision: main
    path: environments/production
    helm:
      valueFiles:
        - values.yaml
        - values-production.yaml
      parameters:
        - name: image.tag
          value: "$ARGOCD_APP_REVISION"
  destination:
    server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
    namespace: production
  syncPolicy:
    automated:
      prune: true
      selfHeal: true
      allowEmpty: false
    syncOptions:
      - CreateNamespace=true
      - PrunePropagationPolicy=foreground
      - PruneLast=true
    retry:
      limit: 5
      backoff:
        duration: 5s
        factor: 2
        maxDuration: 3m
  revisionHistoryLimit: 3
  ignoreDifferences:
    - group: apps
      kind: Deployment
      jsonPointers:
        - /spec/replicas
    - group: autoscaling
      kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
      jsonPointers:
        - /spec/minReplicas
        - /spec/maxReplicas

# argocd/projects/production.yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: AppProject
metadata:
  name: production
  namespace: argocd
spec:
  description: Production environment project
  sourceRepos:
    - https://github.com/company/infrastructure
    - https://github.com/company/applications
  destinations:
    - namespace: production
      server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
    - namespace: production-*
      server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
  clusterResourceWhitelist:
    - group: ''
      kind: Namespace
    - group: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      kind: ClusterRole
    - group: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      kind: ClusterRoleBinding
  namespaceResourceWhitelist:
    - group: '*'
      kind: '*'
  roles:
    - name: admin
      policies:
        - p, proj:production:admin, applications, *, production/*, allow
        - p, proj:production:admin, repositories, *, *, allow
      groups:
        - company:platform-team
    - name: developer
      policies:
        - p, proj:production:developer, applications, get, production/*, allow
        - p, proj:production:developer, applications, sync, production/*, allow
      groups:
        - company:developers

# environments/base/kustomization.yaml
apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization

resources:
  - namespace.yaml
  - service-account.yaml
  - deployment.yaml
  - service.yaml
  - ingress.yaml
  - configmap.yaml

commonLabels:
  app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: argocd

configMapGenerator:
  - name: app-config
    files:
      - config.yaml
    options:
      disableNameSuffixHash: false

secretGenerator:
  - name: app-secrets
    files:
      - secrets.enc.yaml
    options:
      disableNameSuffixHash: false

images:
  - name: app
    newName: registry.company.com/app
    newTag: latest

replicas:
  - name: app
    count: 2

# environments/production/kustomization.yaml
apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization

bases:
  - ../base

namespace: production

commonLabels:
  environment: production

patchesStrategicMerge:
  - deployment-patch.yaml
  - service-patch.yaml
  - ingress-patch.yaml

configMapGenerator:
  - name: app-config
    behavior: merge
    files:
      - config-production.yaml

secretGenerator:
  - name: app-secrets
    behavior: merge
    files:
      - secrets-production.enc.yaml

images:
  - name: app
    newName: registry.company.com/app
    newTag: v1.2.3

replicas:
  - name: app
    count: 5

resources:
  - hpa.yaml
  - pdb.yaml
  - network-policy.yaml

# environments/production/deployment-patch.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: app
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: app
          resources:
            requests:
              cpu: 500m
              memory: 512Mi
            limits:
              cpu: 2000m
              memory: 2Gi
          env:
            - name: ENVIRONMENT
              value: production
            - name: LOG_LEVEL
              value: info
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /health
              port: 8080
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            periodSeconds: 10
            timeoutSeconds: 5
            failureThreshold: 3
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /ready
              port: 8080
            initialDelaySeconds: 5
            periodSeconds: 5
            timeoutSeconds: 3
            failureThreshold: 3
      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - labelSelector:
                matchExpressions:
                  - key: app
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - app
              topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname

# .github/workflows/gitops.yml
name: GitOps Deploy

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main
      - develop
    paths:
      - 'src/**'
      - 'Dockerfile'
      - '.github/workflows/**'

env:
  REGISTRY: ghcr.io
  IMAGE_NAME: ${{ github.repository }}

jobs:
  build-and-push:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
      contents: read
      packages: write

    outputs:
      image-tag: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
      image-digest: ${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}

    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3

      - name: Log in to Container Registry
        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

      - name: Extract metadata
        id: meta
        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
        with:
          images: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}
          tags: |
            type=ref,event=branch
            type=ref,event=pr
            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
            type=sha,prefix={{branch}}-

      - name: Build and push Docker image
        id: build
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          push: true
          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64

      - name: Run Trivy vulnerability scanner
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ steps.meta.outputs.version }}
          format: 'sarif'
          output: 'trivy-results.sarif'

      - name: Upload Trivy scan results
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v3
        with:
          sarif_file: 'trivy-results.sarif'

  update-manifests:
    needs: build-and-push
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
      contents: write
      pull-requests: write

    steps:
      - name: Checkout infrastructure repo
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          repository: company/infrastructure
          token: ${{ secrets.INFRASTRUCTURE_PAT }}

      - name: Update image tag
        run: |
          ENV_DIR="environments/${{ github.ref_name == 'main' && 'production' || 'staging' }}"
          cd $ENV_DIR
          yq e -i '.images[0].newTag = "${{ needs.build-and-push.outputs.image-tag }}"' kustomization.yaml

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v5
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.INFRASTRUCTURE_PAT }}
          commit-message: "chore: update ${{ github.ref_name }} image to ${{ needs.build-and-push.outputs.image-tag }}"
          title: "Deploy ${{ needs.build-and-push.outputs.image-tag }} to ${{ github.ref_name }}"
          body: |
            ## Deployment Update

            **Image**: `${{ needs.build-and-push.outputs.image-tag }}`
            **Digest**: `${{ needs.build-and-push.outputs.image-digest }}`
            **Environment**: `${{ github.ref_name == 'main' && 'production' || 'staging' }}`

            ### Changes
            ${{ github.event.head_commit.message }}

            ### Commit
            ${{ github.sha }}
          branch: deploy/${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}
          delete-branch: true

Claude Code

# Generate GitOps configuration
claude "Create GitOps setup with:
1. Flux v2 configuration
2. Multi-cluster deployment
3. Progressive rollout
4. Canary deployments
5. Automated rollback"

Flux Configuration

clusters/production/flux-system/gotk-sync.yaml

# AI Prompt: "Create Flux v2 GitOps configuration"

apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2
kind: GitRepository
metadata:
  name: flux-system
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 1m
  ref:
    branch: main
  secretRef:
    name: flux-system
  url: ssh://git@github.com/company/infrastructure
---
apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2
kind: Kustomization
metadata:
  name: flux-system
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 10m
  path: ./clusters/production
  prune: true
  sourceRef:
    kind: GitRepository
    name: flux-system
  validation: client
  decryption:
    provider: sops
    secretRef:
      name: sops-age

# clusters/production/infrastructure.yaml
apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2
kind: Kustomization
metadata:
  name: infrastructure
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 10m
  dependsOn:
    - name: flux-system
  sourceRef:
    kind: GitRepository
    name: flux-system
  path: ./infrastructure
  prune: true
  validation: client
  healthChecks:
    - apiVersion: apps/v1
      kind: Deployment
      name: ingress-nginx-controller
      namespace: ingress-nginx
    - apiVersion: apps/v1
      kind: Deployment
      name: cert-manager
      namespace: cert-manager

# infrastructure/sources/kustomization.yaml
apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization
resources:
  - bitnami.yaml
  - ingress-nginx.yaml
  - jetstack.yaml
  - prometheus-community.yaml

# infrastructure/sources/bitnami.yaml
apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2
kind: HelmRepository
metadata:
  name: bitnami
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 30m
  url: https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami

# apps/production/app.yaml
apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2
kind: GitRepository
metadata:
  name: app
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 1m
  ref:
    branch: main
  url: https://github.com/company/app
---
apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta2
kind: Kustomization
metadata:
  name: app
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 5m
  path: ./deploy/production
  prune: true
  sourceRef:
    kind: GitRepository
    name: app
  targetNamespace: production
  validation: client
  images:
    - name: app
      newName: registry.company.com/app
      newTag: ${GIT_COMMIT} # Updated by CI/CD
  postBuild:
    substituteFrom:
      - kind: ConfigMap
        name: cluster-config
      - kind: Secret
        name: cluster-secrets

Infrastructure Testing

Terraform Testing

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create comprehensive Terraform tests with:
- Unit tests for modules
- Integration tests
- Compliance testing
- Cost validation
- Security scanning"

# test/terraform_test.go
package test

import (
    "testing"
    "time"

    "github.com/gruntwork-io/terratest/modules/terraform"
    "github.com/gruntwork-io/terratest/modules/aws"
    "github.com/gruntwork-io/terratest/modules/retry"
    "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
    "github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)

func TestVPCModule(t *testing.T) {
    t.Parallel()

    // AWS Region
    awsRegion := "us-east-1"

    // Terraform Options
    terraformOptions := &terraform.Options{
        TerraformDir: "../modules/vpc",
        Vars: map[string]interface{}{
            "name":               "test-vpc",
            "cidr":              "10.0.0.0/16",
            "azs":               []string{"us-east-1a", "us-east-1b", "us-east-1c"},
            "private_subnets":   []string{"10.0.1.0/24", "10.0.2.0/24", "10.0.3.0/24"},
            "public_subnets":    []string{"10.0.101.0/24", "10.0.102.0/24", "10.0.103.0/24"},
            "enable_nat_gateway": true,
            "single_nat_gateway": true,
            "environment":        "test",
        },
        EnvVars: map[string]string{
            "AWS_DEFAULT_REGION": awsRegion,
        },
    }

    // Clean up resources
    defer terraform.Destroy(t, terraformOptions)

    // Deploy infrastructure
    terraform.InitAndApply(t, terraformOptions)

    // Get outputs
    vpcID := terraform.Output(t, terraformOptions, "vpc_id")
    privateSubnetIDs := terraform.OutputList(t, terraformOptions, "private_subnet_ids")
    publicSubnetIDs := terraform.OutputList(t, terraformOptions, "public_subnet_ids")

    // Validate VPC
    vpc := aws.GetVpcById(t, vpcID, awsRegion)
    require.Equal(t, "10.0.0.0/16", vpc.CidrBlock)

    // Validate subnets
    assert.Equal(t, 3, len(privateSubnetIDs))
    assert.Equal(t, 3, len(publicSubnetIDs))

    // Test connectivity
    for _, subnetID := range publicSubnetIDs {
        subnet := aws.GetSubnetById(t, subnetID, awsRegion)
        assert.True(t, subnet.MapPublicIpOnLaunch)
    }

    // Validate NAT Gateway
    natGateways := aws.GetNatGatewaysInVpc(t, vpcID, awsRegion)
    assert.Equal(t, 1, len(natGateways))
}

func TestEKSCluster(t *testing.T) {
    t.Parallel()

    terraformOptions := &terraform.Options{
        TerraformDir: "../modules/eks",
        Vars: map[string]interface{}{
            "cluster_name":    "test-cluster",
            "cluster_version": "1.28",
            "instance_types":  []string{"t3.medium"},
            "min_size":        2,
            "max_size":        4,
            "desired_size":    2,
        },
    }

    defer terraform.Destroy(t, terraformOptions)

    terraform.InitAndApply(t, terraformOptions)

    // Get cluster endpoint
    clusterEndpoint := terraform.Output(t, terraformOptions, "cluster_endpoint")

    // Test cluster is accessible
    maxRetries := 30
    timeBetweenRetries := 10 * time.Second

    retry.DoWithRetry(t, "Check EKS cluster", maxRetries, timeBetweenRetries, func() (string, error) {
        return aws.GetEksClusterStatus(t, "test-cluster", awsRegion)
    })
}

// tests/unit/vpc_test.tf
terraform {
  required_version = ">= 1.5.0"
}

module "vpc_test" {
  source = "../../modules/vpc"

  name               = "test-vpc"
  cidr              = "10.0.0.0/16"
  azs               = ["us-east-1a", "us-east-1b"]
  private_subnets   = ["10.0.1.0/24", "10.0.2.0/24"]
  public_subnets    = ["10.0.101.0/24", "10.0.102.0/24"]
  enable_nat_gateway = true
  single_nat_gateway = true

  tags = {
    Environment = "test"
    Purpose     = "unit-test"
  }
}

# Validation tests
resource "null_resource" "vpc_validation" {
  provisioner "local-exec" {
    command = <<-EOT
      # Check CIDR block
      if [[ "${module.vpc_test.vpc_cidr_block}" != "10.0.0.0/16" ]]; then
        echo "VPC CIDR validation failed"
        exit 1
      fi

      # Check subnet count
      PRIVATE_COUNT=$(echo '${jsonencode(module.vpc_test.private_subnet_ids)}' | jq '. | length')
      if [[ $PRIVATE_COUNT -ne 2 ]]; then
        echo "Private subnet count validation failed"
        exit 1
      fi

      echo "All validations passed"
    EOT
  }
}

# tests/compliance/cis_benchmark_test.tf
# AI Prompt: "Create CIS benchmark compliance tests"

resource "null_resource" "cis_compliance" {
  provisioner "local-exec" {
    command = <<-EOT
      # CIS AWS Foundations Benchmark checks

      # 2.1.1 Ensure S3 bucket policy is not public
      aws s3api get-bucket-policy-status --bucket ${aws_s3_bucket.main.id} \
        --query 'PolicyStatus.IsPublic' --output text | grep -q "false"

      # 2.1.2 Ensure S3 bucket encryption is enabled
      aws s3api get-bucket-encryption --bucket ${aws_s3_bucket.main.id} \
        --query 'ServerSideEncryptionConfiguration.Rules[0].ApplyServerSideEncryptionByDefault.SSEAlgorithm' \
        --output text | grep -q "AES256\|aws:kms"

      # 4.1 Ensure no security groups allow ingress from 0.0.0.0/0 to port 22
      aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
        --filters "Name=ip-permission.from-port,Values=22" \
                  "Name=ip-permission.to-port,Values=22" \
                  "Name=ip-permission.cidr,Values=0.0.0.0/0" \
        --query 'SecurityGroups[*].GroupId' --output text | wc -w | grep -q "0"

      # 4.2 Ensure no security groups allow ingress from 0.0.0.0/0 to port 3389
      aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
        --filters "Name=ip-permission.from-port,Values=3389" \
                  "Name=ip-permission.to-port,Values=3389" \
                  "Name=ip-permission.cidr,Values=0.0.0.0/0" \
        --query 'SecurityGroups[*].GroupId' --output text | wc -w | grep -q "0"
    EOT
  }
}

# tests/cost/cost_estimation_test.tf
# AI Prompt: "Create cost estimation tests"

data "infracost_estimate" "main" {
  terraform_dir = path.module
}

resource "null_resource" "cost_validation" {
  provisioner "local-exec" {
    command = <<-EOT
      # Run Infracost
      infracost breakdown --path . --format json --out-file /tmp/infracost.json

      # Check monthly cost is under budget
      MONTHLY_COST=$(jq '.totalMonthlyCost' /tmp/infracost.json)
      BUDGET_LIMIT=5000

      if (( $(echo "$MONTHLY_COST > $BUDGET_LIMIT" | bc -l) )); then
        echo "ERROR: Monthly cost ($MONTHLY_COST) exceeds budget ($BUDGET_LIMIT)"
        exit 1
      fi

      # Check for expensive resources
      jq '.projects[].breakdown.resources[] | select(.monthlyCost > 500) | {name: .name, cost: .monthlyCost}' /tmp/infracost.json
    EOT
  }
}

Claude Code

# Generate infrastructure tests
claude "Create infrastructure testing with:
1. Contract testing
2. Chaos engineering
3. Load testing infrastructure
4. Disaster recovery testing
5. Security penetration testing"

Policy as Code

policies/terraform.rego

# AI Prompt: "Create OPA policies for infrastructure compliance"

package terraform.analysis

import future.keywords.contains
import future.keywords.if
import future.keywords.in

# Deny public S3 buckets
deny[msg] {
    resource := input.resource_changes[_]
    resource.type == "aws_s3_bucket"
    resource.change.after.acl == "public-read"
    msg := sprintf("S3 bucket %v has public read access", [resource.address])
}

deny[msg] {
    resource := input.resource_changes[_]
    resource.type == "aws_s3_bucket"
    resource.change.after.acl == "public-read-write"
    msg := sprintf("S3 bucket %v has public read-write access", [resource.address])
}

# Require encryption for RDS instances
deny[msg] {
    resource := input.resource_changes[_]
    resource.type == "aws_db_instance"
    not resource.change.after.storage_encrypted
    msg := sprintf("RDS instance %v is not encrypted", [resource.address])
}

# Enforce tagging standards
deny[msg] {
    resource := input.resource_changes[_]
    required_tags := {"Environment", "Owner", "Project", "CostCenter"}
    resource_tags := object.get(resource.change.after, "tags", {})
    missing_tags := required_tags - {tag | resource_tags[tag]}
    count(missing_tags) > 0
    msg := sprintf("Resource %v is missing required tags: %v", [resource.address, missing_tags])
}

# Ensure EC2 instances use approved AMIs
approved_amis := {
    "ami-0123456789abcdef0",  # Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
    "ami-0987654321fedcba0",  # Amazon Linux 2023
}

deny[msg] {
    resource := input.resource_changes[_]
    resource.type == "aws_instance"
    not resource.change.after.ami in approved_amis
    msg := sprintf("EC2 instance %v uses unapproved AMI: %v", [resource.address, resource.change.after.ami])
}

# Limit instance types for cost control
expensive_instance_types := {
    "m5.24xlarge",
    "c5.24xlarge",
    "r5.24xlarge",
    "x1e.32xlarge",
}

warn[msg] {
    resource := input.resource_changes[_]
    resource.type == "aws_instance"
    resource.change.after.instance_type in expensive_instance_types
    msg := sprintf("EC2 instance %v uses expensive instance type: %v", [resource.address, resource.change.after.instance_type])
}

# Security group rules
deny[msg] {
    resource := input.resource_changes[_]
    resource.type == "aws_security_group_rule"
    resource.change.after.type == "ingress"
    resource.change.after.cidr_blocks[_] == "0.0.0.0/0"
    resource.change.after.from_port <= 22
    resource.change.after.to_port >= 22
    msg := sprintf("Security group rule %v allows SSH from internet", [resource.address])
}

# policies/sentinel/cost-control.sentinel
import "tfplan/v2" as tfplan
import "decimal"

# Monthly budget limit
param monthly_budget default 10000

# Get all resource cost estimates
getAllResourceCosts = func() {
    costs = {}

    for tfplan.resource_changes as _, rc {
        if rc.change.actions contains "create" or
           rc.change.actions contains "update" {

            # Estimate costs based on resource type
            costs[rc.address] = estimateResourceCost(rc)
        }
    }

    return costs
}

# Estimate resource cost
estimateResourceCost = func(resource) {
    costs = {
        "aws_instance": {
            "t3.micro": 8.50,
            "t3.small": 17.00,
            "t3.medium": 34.00,
            "t3.large": 68.00,
            "m5.large": 96.00,
            "m5.xlarge": 192.00,
        },
        "aws_db_instance": {
            "db.t3.micro": 18.00,
            "db.t3.small": 36.00,
            "db.t3.medium": 72.00,
            "db.r5.large": 230.00,
        },
        "aws_eks_node_group": {
            "base": 72.00,  # EKS control plane
            "per_node": 96.00,  # m5.large nodes
        },
    }

    if resource.type in keys(costs) {
        if resource.type == "aws_instance" {
            instance_type = resource.change.after.instance_type
            if instance_type in keys(costs.aws_instance) {
                return costs.aws_instance[instance_type]
            }
        } else if resource.type == "aws_db_instance" {
            instance_class = resource.change.after.instance_class
            if instance_class in keys(costs.aws_db_instance) {
                return costs.aws_db_instance[instance_class]
            }
        } else if resource.type == "aws_eks_node_group" {
            desired_size = resource.change.after.scaling_config[0].desired_size
            return costs.aws_eks_node_group.base +
                   (costs.aws_eks_node_group.per_node * desired_size)
        }
    }

    return 0
}

# Main rule
main = rule {
    all_costs = getAllResourceCosts()
    total_cost = decimal.new(0)

    for all_costs as resource, cost {
        total_cost = total_cost.add(cost)
    }

    print("Estimated monthly cost: $" + string(total_cost))

    total_cost.less_than_or_equal_to(monthly_budget)
}

# test/kitchen.yml - Test Kitchen configuration
---
driver:
  name: terraform
  command_timeout: 1800
  variables:
    environment: "test"

provisioner:
  name: terraform

platforms:
  - name: aws

suites:
  - name: vpc
    driver:
      root_module_directory: test/fixtures/vpc
    verifier:
      name: terraform
      systems:
        - name: vpc
          backend: aws
          controls:
            - vpc_validation
            - subnet_validation
            - security_validation

  - name: eks
    driver:
      root_module_directory: test/fixtures/eks
    verifier:
      name: terraform
      systems:
        - name: eks
          backend: aws
          controls:
            - cluster_validation
            - node_group_validation
            - iam_validation

# test/inspec/vpc_profile/controls/vpc_validation.rb
control 'vpc_validation' do
  impact 1.0
  title 'VPC Configuration Validation'
  desc 'Ensure VPC is properly configured'

  describe aws_vpc(vpc_id: attribute('vpc_id')) do
    it { should exist }
    its('cidr_block') { should eq '10.0.0.0/16' }
    its('state') { should eq 'available' }
    its('tags') { should include('Environment' => 'test') }
  end

  describe aws_subnets.where(vpc_id: attribute('vpc_id')) do
    its('count') { should eq 6 }  # 3 public + 3 private
  end

  describe aws_internet_gateway(igw_id: attribute('igw_id')) do
    it { should exist }
    it { should be_attached }
  end
end

Claude Code

# Generate infrastructure tests
claude "Create infrastructure testing with:
1. Contract testing
2. Chaos engineering
3. Load testing infrastructure
4. Disaster recovery testing
5. Security penetration testing"

Cost Optimization

Resource Right-Sizing

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create cost optimization strategies with:
- Resource right-sizing
- Spot instance usage
- Reserved instance planning
- Auto-scaling policies
- Cost allocation tags"

# modules/cost-optimized-compute/main.tf
variable "workload_type" {
  description = "Type of workload: web, batch, ml"
  type        = string
  default     = "web"
}

locals {
  # Instance recommendations based on workload
  instance_recommendations = {
    web = {
      small  = "t3.small"
      medium = "t3.medium"
      large  = "t3.large"
    }
    batch = {
      small  = "m5.large"
      medium = "m5.xlarge"
      large  = "m5.2xlarge"
    }
    ml = {
      small  = "g4dn.xlarge"
      medium = "g4dn.2xlarge"
      large  = "g4dn.4xlarge"
    }
  }

  # Spot instance configuration
  spot_config = {
    web   = { enabled = false, max_price = "" }
    batch = { enabled = true, max_price = "0.50" }
    ml    = { enabled = true, max_price = "1.00" }
  }
}

# Auto Scaling Group with mixed instances
resource "aws_autoscaling_group" "optimized" {
  name                = "${var.name}-asg"
  vpc_zone_identifier = var.subnet_ids
  min_size            = var.min_size
  max_size            = var.max_size
  desired_capacity    = var.desired_capacity

  # Mixed instances policy for cost optimization
  mixed_instances_policy {
    launch_template {
      launch_template_specification {
        launch_template_id = aws_launch_template.optimized.id
        version            = "$Latest"
      }

      override {
        instance_type     = local.instance_recommendations[var.workload_type]["small"]
        weighted_capacity = 1
      }

      override {
        instance_type     = local.instance_recommendations[var.workload_type]["medium"]
        weighted_capacity = 2
      }

      override {
        instance_type     = local.instance_recommendations[var.workload_type]["large"]
        weighted_capacity = 4
      }
    }

    instances_distribution {
      on_demand_base_capacity                  = var.on_demand_base
      on_demand_percentage_above_base_capacity = var.on_demand_percentage
      spot_allocation_strategy                 = "capacity-optimized-prioritized"
      spot_instance_pools                      = 3
      spot_max_price                          = local.spot_config[var.workload_type]["max_price"]
    }
  }

  # Predictive scaling for cost optimization
  dynamic "predictive_scaling_configuration" {
    for_each = var.enable_predictive_scaling ? [1] : []
    content {
      metric_specification {
        target_value = 50
        predefined_metric_pair_specification {
          predefined_metric_type = "ASGCPUUtilization"
        }
      }
      mode                         = "ForecastAndScale"
      scheduling_buffer_time       = 10
      max_capacity_breach_behavior = "IncreaseMaxCapacity"
      max_capacity_buffer          = 10
    }
  }

  enabled_metrics = [
    "GroupMinSize",
    "GroupMaxSize",
    "GroupDesiredCapacity",
    "GroupInServiceInstances",
    "GroupTotalInstances"
  ]

  tag {
    key                 = "Name"
    value               = "${var.name}-instance"
    propagate_at_launch = true
  }

  tag {
    key                 = "Workload"
    value               = var.workload_type
    propagate_at_launch = true
  }

  tag {
    key                 = "CostCenter"
    value               = var.cost_center
    propagate_at_launch = true
  }
}

# Scheduled scaling for predictable workloads
resource "aws_autoscaling_schedule" "scale_down_nights" {
  scheduled_action_name  = "${var.name}-scale-down-nights"
  min_size              = 1
  max_size              = var.max_size
  desired_capacity      = 1
  recurrence            = "0 20 * * MON-FRI"  # 8 PM weekdays
  autoscaling_group_name = aws_autoscaling_group.optimized.name
}

resource "aws_autoscaling_schedule" "scale_up_mornings" {
  scheduled_action_name  = "${var.name}-scale-up-mornings"
  min_size              = var.min_size
  max_size              = var.max_size
  desired_capacity      = var.desired_capacity
  recurrence            = "0 7 * * MON-FRI"  # 7 AM weekdays
  autoscaling_group_name = aws_autoscaling_group.optimized.name
}

# modules/cost-optimized-rds/main.tf
resource "aws_db_instance" "optimized" {
  identifier = var.identifier

  # Use Aurora Serverless for variable workloads
  engine         = var.use_serverless ? "aurora-mysql" : var.engine
  engine_mode    = var.use_serverless ? "serverless" : "provisioned"
  engine_version = var.engine_version

  # Right-sized instance
  instance_class = var.use_serverless ? null : var.instance_class

  # Storage optimization
  allocated_storage     = var.allocated_storage
  storage_type         = "gp3"
  storage_encrypted    = true

  # Use Multi-AZ only for production
  multi_az = var.environment == "production"

  # Automated backups with lifecycle
  backup_retention_period = var.environment == "production" ? 7 : 1
  backup_window          = "03:00-04:00"

  # Performance Insights for optimization
  performance_insights_enabled = var.environment == "production"
  performance_insights_retention_period = 7

  # Scaling configuration for serverless
  dynamic "scaling_configuration" {
    for_each = var.use_serverless ? [1] : []
    content {
      auto_pause               = true
      min_capacity            = 1
      max_capacity            = 4
      seconds_until_auto_pause = 300
    }
  }

  tags = merge(var.tags, {
    CostOptimization = "enabled"
    Environment      = var.environment
  })
}

# Reserved Instance recommendations
data "aws_rds_reserved_instance_offering" "recommendation" {
  db_instance_class   = var.instance_class
  duration           = 31536000  # 1 year
  multi_az           = var.environment == "production"
  offering_type      = "All Upfront"  # Best discount
  product_description = "mysql"
}

# modules/s3-lifecycle-optimization/main.tf
resource "aws_s3_bucket_lifecycle_configuration" "optimized" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.main.id

  # Transition to cheaper storage classes
  rule {
    id     = "archive-old-data"
    status = "Enabled"

    transition {
      days          = 30
      storage_class = "STANDARD_IA"
    }

    transition {
      days          = 90
      storage_class = "GLACIER"
    }

    transition {
      days          = 180
      storage_class = "DEEP_ARCHIVE"
    }

    # Delete very old data
    expiration {
      days = 730  # 2 years
    }
  }

  # Intelligent tiering for unpredictable access
  rule {
    id     = "intelligent-tiering"
    status = "Enabled"

    filter {
      prefix = "data/"
    }

    transition {
      days          = 0
      storage_class = "INTELLIGENT_TIERING"
    }
  }

  # Clean up incomplete uploads
  rule {
    id     = "cleanup-incomplete-uploads"
    status = "Enabled"

    abort_incomplete_multipart_upload {
      days_after_initiation = 7
    }
  }

  # Delete old versions
  rule {
    id     = "delete-old-versions"
    status = "Enabled"

    noncurrent_version_transition {
      noncurrent_days = 30
      storage_class   = "STANDARD_IA"
    }

    noncurrent_version_expiration {
      noncurrent_days = 90
    }
  }
}

# Cost allocation tags
resource "aws_s3_bucket_tagging" "cost_tags" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.main.id

  tags = {
    Environment  = var.environment
    Project      = var.project
    CostCenter   = var.cost_center
    DataType     = var.data_type
    Compliance   = var.compliance_level
  }
}

Claude Code

# Generate cost optimization
claude "Create cost optimization for:
1. Kubernetes resource requests/limits
2. Serverless cost optimization
3. Data transfer cost reduction
4. Reserved capacity planning
5. Cost anomaly detection"

Cost Monitoring

kubernetes/cost-monitoring.yaml

# AI Prompt: "Create comprehensive cost monitoring setup"

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: prometheus-cost-rules
  namespace: monitoring
data:
  cost-rules.yaml: |
    groups:
      - name: cost_monitoring
        interval: 5m
        rules:
          # CPU cost calculation
          - record: node_cpu_hourly_cost
            expr: |
              sum by (node) (
                (1 - rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[5m]))
                * on (node) group_left() node_cpu_hourly_rate
              )

          # Memory cost calculation
          - record: node_memory_hourly_cost
            expr: |
              sum by (node) (
                (1 - node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes)
                * on (node) group_left() node_memory_hourly_rate
              )

          # Storage cost calculation
          - record: pvc_storage_hourly_cost
            expr: |
              sum by (persistentvolumeclaim, namespace) (
                kubelet_volume_stats_capacity_bytes
                * on (persistentvolumeclaim) group_left() pvc_storage_hourly_rate
              ) / 1024 / 1024 / 1024

          # Total namespace cost
          - record: namespace_hourly_cost
            expr: |
              sum by (namespace) (
                label_join(
                  sum by (pod, namespace) (
                    rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total[5m]) * 3600 * 0.05
                  ), "pod", ",", "pod"
                )
              ) +
              sum by (namespace) (
                label_join(
                  sum by (pod, namespace) (
                    container_memory_working_set_bytes / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 * 0.01
                  ), "pod", ",", "pod"
                )
              )

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: grafana-cost-dashboard
  namespace: monitoring
data:
  dashboard.json: |
    {
      "dashboard": {
        "title": "Cloud Cost Monitoring",
        "panels": [
          {
            "title": "Total Monthly Cost Trend",
            "targets": [
              {
                "expr": "sum(namespace_hourly_cost) * 24 * 30"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "title": "Cost by Namespace",
            "targets": [
              {
                "expr": "sum by (namespace) (namespace_hourly_cost) * 24 * 30"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "title": "Cost by Resource Type",
            "targets": [
              {
                "expr": "sum(node_cpu_hourly_cost) * 24 * 30",
                "legendFormat": "CPU"
              },
              {
                "expr": "sum(node_memory_hourly_cost) * 24 * 30",
                "legendFormat": "Memory"
              },
              {
                "expr": "sum(pvc_storage_hourly_cost) * 24 * 30",
                "legendFormat": "Storage"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "title": "Unused Resources Cost",
            "targets": [
              {
                "expr": "sum((kube_pod_container_resource_requests_cpu_cores - rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total[5m])) * 0.05 * 24 * 30)"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    }

# terraform/cost-alerts.tf
resource "aws_budgets_budget" "monthly" {
  name              = "${var.project}-monthly-budget"
  budget_limit_amount = var.monthly_budget_limit
  budget_limit_unit   = "USD"
  budget_type        = "COST"
  time_unit          = "MONTHLY"

  cost_filters = {
    TagKeyValue = "Project$${var.project}"
  }

  notification {
    comparison_operator        = "GREATER_THAN"
    threshold                 = 80
    threshold_type           = "PERCENTAGE"
    notification_type        = "ACTUAL"
    subscriber_email_addresses = var.budget_alert_emails
  }

  notification {
    comparison_operator        = "GREATER_THAN"
    threshold                 = 100
    threshold_type           = "PERCENTAGE"
    notification_type        = "FORECASTED"
    subscriber_email_addresses = var.budget_alert_emails
    subscriber_sns_topic_arns = [aws_sns_topic.cost_alerts.arn]
  }
}

resource "aws_ce_anomaly_monitor" "main" {
  name              = "${var.project}-anomaly-monitor"
  monitor_type      = "DIMENSIONAL"
  monitor_dimension = "SERVICE"
}

resource "aws_ce_anomaly_subscription" "main" {
  name      = "${var.project}-anomaly-subscription"
  threshold = 100
  frequency = "DAILY"

  monitor_arn_list = [
    aws_ce_anomaly_monitor.main.arn
  ]

  subscriber {
    type    = "EMAIL"
    address = var.cost_anomaly_email
  }

  subscriber {
    type    = "SNS"
    address = aws_sns_topic.cost_alerts.arn
  }
}

Security & Compliance

Security Scanning

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create security scanning pipeline with:
- SAST/DAST scanning
- Container vulnerability scanning
- Infrastructure compliance checks
- Secret detection
- Security reporting"

# .github/workflows/security-scan.yml
name: Security Scanning

on:
  push:
    branches: [main, develop]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # Daily at 2 AM

jobs:
  infrastructure-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Terraform security scanning
      - name: Terraform Security Scan
        uses: aquasecurity/tfsec-action@v1.0.0
        with:
          soft_fail: false

      - name: Checkov Policy Scan
        uses: bridgecrewio/checkov-action@master
        with:
          directory: .
          framework: terraform
          output_format: sarif
          output_file_path: checkov.sarif

      - name: Terrascan
        run: |
          docker run --rm -v "$(pwd):/src" \
            accurics/terrascan scan -t aws -f terraform \
            --config-path /src/.terrascan.yaml

      # Cloud security posture
      - name: Cloud Security Scan
        env:
          AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
          AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
        run: |
          # Prowler security scan
          docker run --rm \
            -e AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
            -e AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
            toniblyx/prowler:latest \
            -g cis_level2 -f json -o /tmp/prowler-report.json

          # ScoutSuite scan
          docker run --rm \
            -e AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
            -e AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
            rossja/ncc-scoutsuite \
            aws --no-browser --report-dir /tmp/scoutsuite

      # Secret scanning
      - name: Secret Detection
        uses: trufflesecurity/trufflehog@v3
        with:
          path: ./
          base: ${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }}
          head: HEAD

      - name: GitLeaks
        uses: gitleaks/gitleaks-action@v2
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

      # Container scanning
      - name: Container Scan
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          scan-type: 'fs'
          scan-ref: '.'
          format: 'sarif'
          output: 'trivy-results.sarif'
          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH'

      # Upload results
      - name: Upload SARIF results
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v3
        with:
          sarif_file: |
            checkov.sarif
            trivy-results.sarif

  compliance-validation:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Setup InSpec
        run: |
          curl https://omnitruck.chef.io/install.sh | sudo bash -s -- -P inspec

      - name: Run Compliance Tests
        run: |
          # CIS Benchmarks
          inspec exec https://github.com/dev-sec/cis-dil-benchmark \
            --reporter json:/tmp/cis-results.json

          # AWS Foundations Benchmark
          inspec exec https://github.com/inspec/inspec-aws \
            -t aws:// \
            --controls cis-aws-foundations-1.2.0 \
            --reporter json:/tmp/aws-foundations.json

          # Custom compliance profile
          inspec exec compliance/profiles/company-baseline \
            -t aws:// \
            --reporter json:/tmp/company-baseline.json html:/tmp/compliance-report.html

      - name: Generate Compliance Report
        run: |
          python scripts/generate_compliance_report.py \
            --cis-results /tmp/cis-results.json \
            --aws-results /tmp/aws-foundations.json \
            --company-results /tmp/company-baseline.json \
            --output compliance-report.pdf

      - name: Upload Compliance Report
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: compliance-report
          path: |
            compliance-report.pdf
            /tmp/compliance-report.html

# terraform/security-baseline/main.tf
# Security baseline module
module "security_baseline" {
  source = "./modules/security-baseline"

  # Enable AWS Security Hub
  enable_security_hub = true
  security_hub_standards = [
    "aws-foundational-security-best-practices/v/1.0.0",
    "cis-aws-foundations-benchmark/v/1.2.0",
    "pci-dss/v/3.2.1"
  ]

  # Enable GuardDuty
  enable_guardduty = true
  guardduty_finding_publishing_frequency = "FIFTEEN_MINUTES"

  # Enable AWS Config
  enable_config = true
  config_recording_group = {
    all_supported = true
    include_global_resource_types = true
  }

  # Config Rules
  config_rules = {
    required-tags = {
      description = "Ensure required tags are present"
      source_identifier = "REQUIRED_TAGS"
      input_parameters = jsonencode({
        requiredTags = "Environment,Project,Owner,CostCenter"
      })
    }

    encrypted-volumes = {
      description = "Ensure EBS volumes are encrypted"
      source_identifier = "ENCRYPTED_VOLUMES"
    }

    rds-encryption-enabled = {
      description = "Ensure RDS instances are encrypted"
      source_identifier = "RDS_STORAGE_ENCRYPTED"
    }

    s3-bucket-public-read-prohibited = {
      description = "Ensure S3 buckets are not publicly readable"
      source_identifier = "S3_BUCKET_PUBLIC_READ_PROHIBITED"
    }
  }

  # Enable CloudTrail
  enable_cloudtrail = true
  cloudtrail_s3_bucket_name = aws_s3_bucket.cloudtrail.id
  enable_log_file_validation = true
  event_selector = [{
    read_write_type = "All"
    include_management_events = true
    data_resource = [{
      type = "AWS::S3::Object"
      values = ["arn:aws:s3:::*/*"]
    }]
  }]

  # Enable Access Analyzer
  enable_access_analyzer = true
  access_analyzer_name = "${var.project}-analyzer"

  tags = var.tags
}

# WAF rules for web applications
resource "aws_wafv2_web_acl" "main" {
  name  = "${var.project}-waf"
  scope = "REGIONAL"

  default_action {
    allow {}
  }

  # OWASP Top 10 protection
  rule {
    name     = "RateLimitRule"
    priority = 1

    action {
      block {}
    }

    statement {
      rate_based_statement {
        limit              = 2000
        aggregate_key_type = "IP"
      }
    }

    visibility_config {
      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
      metric_name               = "RateLimitRule"
      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
    }
  }

  rule {
    name     = "AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet"
    priority = 2

    override_action {
      none {}
    }

    statement {
      managed_rule_group_statement {
        name        = "AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet"
        vendor_name = "AWS"
      }
    }

    visibility_config {
      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
      metric_name               = "CommonRuleSetMetric"
      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
    }
  }

  rule {
    name     = "AWSManagedRulesKnownBadInputsRuleSet"
    priority = 3

    override_action {
      none {}
    }

    statement {
      managed_rule_group_statement {
        name        = "AWSManagedRulesKnownBadInputsRuleSet"
        vendor_name = "AWS"
      }
    }

    visibility_config {
      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
      metric_name               = "KnownBadInputsMetric"
      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
    }
  }

  rule {
    name     = "AWSManagedRulesSQLiRuleSet"
    priority = 4

    override_action {
      none {}
    }

    statement {
      managed_rule_group_statement {
        name        = "AWSManagedRulesSQLiRuleSet"
        vendor_name = "AWS"
      }
    }

    visibility_config {
      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
      metric_name               = "SQLiRuleSetMetric"
      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
    }
  }

  visibility_config {
    cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
    metric_name               = "${var.project}-waf"
    sampled_requests_enabled   = true
  }

  tags = var.tags
}

Claude Code

# Generate security configuration
claude "Create security setup with:
1. Zero-trust architecture
2. Encryption at rest/transit
3. IAM least privilege
4. Network segmentation
5. Audit logging"

Multi-Cloud Patterns

Cloud Agnostic Infrastructure

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create multi-cloud infrastructure with:
- Cloud-agnostic modules
- Provider abstraction
- Unified networking
- Cross-cloud connectivity
- Portable workloads"

# modules/cloud-agnostic-compute/variables.tf
variable "cloud_provider" {
  description = "Cloud provider: aws, azure, gcp"
  type        = string

  validation {
    condition     = contains(["aws", "azure", "gcp"], var.cloud_provider)
    error_message = "Cloud provider must be aws, azure, or gcp."
  }
}

variable "instance_size" {
  description = "Generic instance size: small, medium, large"
  type        = string
  default     = "medium"
}

# modules/cloud-agnostic-compute/main.tf
locals {
  # Map generic sizes to provider-specific instance types
  instance_mapping = {
    aws = {
      small  = "t3.small"
      medium = "t3.medium"
      large  = "t3.large"
    }
    azure = {
      small  = "Standard_B2s"
      medium = "Standard_B2ms"
      large  = "Standard_B4ms"
    }
    gcp = {
      small  = "e2-small"
      medium = "e2-medium"
      large  = "e2-standard-4"
    }
  }

  # Map generic OS to provider-specific images
  image_mapping = {
    aws = {
      ubuntu = "ami-0c55b159cbfafe1f0"  # Ubuntu 22.04
      centos = "ami-0f2b4fc905b0bd1f1"  # CentOS 8
    }
    azure = {
      ubuntu = {
        publisher = "Canonical"
        offer     = "0001-com-ubuntu-server-jammy"
        sku       = "22_04-lts"
      }
      centos = {
        publisher = "OpenLogic"
        offer     = "CentOS"
        sku       = "8_5"
      }
    }
    gcp = {
      ubuntu = "ubuntu-os-cloud/ubuntu-2204-lts"
      centos = "centos-cloud/centos-8"
    }
  }
}

# AWS Implementation
module "aws_compute" {
  count  = var.cloud_provider == "aws" ? 1 : 0
  source = "./aws"

  instance_type = local.instance_mapping["aws"][var.instance_size]
  ami           = local.image_mapping["aws"][var.os_type]
  subnet_id     = var.subnet_id

  user_data = templatefile("${path.module}/templates/cloud-init.yaml", {
    hostname = var.hostname
    packages = var.packages
  })

  tags = var.tags
}

# Azure Implementation
module "azure_compute" {
  count  = var.cloud_provider == "azure" ? 1 : 0
  source = "./azure"

  vm_size = local.instance_mapping["azure"][var.instance_size]

  source_image_reference {
    publisher = local.image_mapping["azure"][var.os_type]["publisher"]
    offer     = local.image_mapping["azure"][var.os_type]["offer"]
    sku       = local.image_mapping["azure"][var.os_type]["sku"]
    version   = "latest"
  }

  custom_data = base64encode(templatefile("${path.module}/templates/cloud-init.yaml", {
    hostname = var.hostname
    packages = var.packages
  }))

  tags = var.tags
}

# GCP Implementation
module "gcp_compute" {
  count  = var.cloud_provider == "gcp" ? 1 : 0
  source = "./gcp"

  machine_type = local.instance_mapping["gcp"][var.instance_size]

  boot_disk {
    initialize_params {
      image = local.image_mapping["gcp"][var.os_type]
    }
  }

  metadata_startup_script = templatefile("${path.module}/templates/cloud-init.yaml", {
    hostname = var.hostname
    packages = var.packages
  })

  labels = var.tags
}

# Outputs
output "instance_id" {
  value = coalesce(
    try(module.aws_compute[0].instance_id, ""),
    try(module.azure_compute[0].vm_id, ""),
    try(module.gcp_compute[0].instance_id, "")
  )
}

output "private_ip" {
  value = coalesce(
    try(module.aws_compute[0].private_ip, ""),
    try(module.azure_compute[0].private_ip, ""),
    try(module.gcp_compute[0].private_ip, "")
  )
}

# modules/multi-cloud-kubernetes/main.tf
locals {
  k8s_providers = {
    aws   = "eks"
    azure = "aks"
    gcp   = "gke"
  }
}

# EKS Cluster (AWS)
module "eks" {
  count  = var.cloud_provider == "aws" ? 1 : 0
  source = "./eks"

  cluster_name    = var.cluster_name
  cluster_version = var.kubernetes_version

  vpc_id     = var.vpc_id
  subnet_ids = var.subnet_ids

  node_groups = {
    main = {
      desired_capacity = var.node_count
      max_capacity     = var.max_nodes
      min_capacity     = var.min_nodes

      instance_types = [local.instance_mapping["aws"][var.node_size]]

      k8s_labels = var.node_labels
      k8s_taints = var.node_taints
    }
  }

  manage_aws_auth = true

  tags = var.tags
}

# AKS Cluster (Azure)
module "aks" {
  count  = var.cloud_provider == "azure" ? 1 : 0
  source = "./aks"

  cluster_name       = var.cluster_name
  kubernetes_version = var.kubernetes_version

  resource_group_name = var.resource_group_name
  location           = var.location

  default_node_pool = {
    name       = "default"
    node_count = var.node_count
    vm_size    = local.instance_mapping["azure"][var.node_size]

    enable_auto_scaling = true
    min_count          = var.min_nodes
    max_count          = var.max_nodes
  }

  network_profile = {
    network_plugin     = "azure"
    network_policy     = "calico"
    load_balancer_sku  = "standard"
    outbound_type      = "loadBalancer"
  }

  tags = var.tags
}

# GKE Cluster (GCP)
module "gke" {
  count  = var.cloud_provider == "gcp" ? 1 : 0
  source = "./gke"

  name               = var.cluster_name
  kubernetes_version = var.kubernetes_version

  location = var.region

  node_pools = [
    {
      name               = "default"
      machine_type       = local.instance_mapping["gcp"][var.node_size]
      min_count          = var.min_nodes
      max_count          = var.max_nodes
      initial_node_count = var.node_count

      node_config = {
        preemptible  = var.use_spot_instances
        disk_size_gb = var.node_disk_size

        labels = var.node_labels
        taints = var.node_taints
      }
    }
  ]

  network    = var.network_name
  subnetwork = var.subnet_name

  cluster_resource_labels = var.tags
}

# Universal Kubernetes provider configuration
data "template_file" "kubeconfig" {
  template = file("${path.module}/templates/kubeconfig.yaml")

  vars = {
    cluster_name     = var.cluster_name
    server          = local.cluster_endpoint
    certificate_data = local.cluster_ca_certificate
    token           = local.cluster_token
  }
}

locals {
  cluster_endpoint = coalesce(
    try(module.eks[0].cluster_endpoint, ""),
    try(module.aks[0].kube_config[0].host, ""),
    try(module.gke[0].endpoint, "")
  )

  cluster_ca_certificate = coalesce(
    try(module.eks[0].cluster_certificate_authority_data, ""),
    try(module.aks[0].kube_config[0].cluster_ca_certificate, ""),
    try(module.gke[0].ca_certificate, "")
  )

  cluster_token = coalesce(
    try(data.aws_eks_cluster_auth.cluster[0].token, ""),
    try(module.aks[0].kube_config[0].password, ""),
    try(data.google_client_config.default[0].access_token, "")
  )
}

# Deploy cloud-agnostic applications
resource "kubernetes_namespace" "apps" {
  metadata {
    name = "applications"

    labels = {
      cloud    = var.cloud_provider
      managed  = "terraform"
    }
  }
}

resource "helm_release" "ingress_controller" {
  name       = "ingress-nginx"
  repository = "https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx"
  chart      = "ingress-nginx"
  namespace  = "ingress-nginx"

  create_namespace = true

  # Cloud-specific annotations for load balancer
  set {
    name  = "controller.service.annotations.service\\.beta\\.kubernetes\\.io/aws-load-balancer-type"
    value = var.cloud_provider == "aws" ? "nlb" : ""
  }

  set {
    name  = "controller.service.annotations.service\\.beta\\.kubernetes\\.io/azure-load-balancer-health-probe-request-path"
    value = var.cloud_provider == "azure" ? "/healthz" : ""
  }

  set {
    name  = "controller.service.annotations.cloud\\.google\\.com/load-balancer-type"
    value = var.cloud_provider == "gcp" ? "External" : ""
  }
}

Claude Code

# Generate multi-cloud setup
claude "Create multi-cloud architecture with:
1. Terraform Cloud workspaces
2. Cross-cloud VPN setup
3. Multi-cloud service mesh
4. Unified observability
5. Disaster recovery across clouds"

Best Practices

Infrastructure as Code Guidelines

1. Version Control Everything

• Store all infrastructure code in Git
• Use meaningful commit messages
• Tag releases for production deployments
• Implement branch protection rules
• Review all changes through pull requests

2. Modular Design

• Create reusable modules
• Keep modules focused and single-purpose
• Version your modules
• Document module interfaces
• Test modules independently

3. State Management

• Use remote state backends
• Enable state locking
• Implement state file encryption
• Regular state backups
• Separate states by environment

4. Security First

• Never commit secrets
• Use secret management tools
• Implement least privilege
• Enable audit logging
• Regular security scanning

5. Testing Strategy

• Unit test modules
• Integration test deployments
• Compliance validation
• Cost estimation
• Performance testing

6. Documentation

• Document architecture decisions
• Maintain runbooks
• Create deployment guides
• Document troubleshooting steps
• Keep examples updated

Development Workflow

Cursor

# AI Prompt
Agent: "Create comprehensive IaC development workflow with:
- Pre-commit hooks
- Local testing
- CI/CD pipeline
- Deployment strategies
- Rollback procedures"

# .pre-commit-config.yaml
repos:
  # Terraform hooks
  - repo: https://github.com/antonbabenko/pre-commit-terraform
    rev: v1.83.5
    hooks:
      - id: terraform_fmt
      - id: terraform_docs
        args:
          - --hook-config=--path-to-file=README.md
          - --hook-config=--add-to-existing-file=true
      - id: terraform_validate
      - id: terraform_tflint
        args:
          - --args=--config=__GIT_WORKING_DIR__/.tflint.hcl
      - id: terraform_tfsec
        args:
          - --args=--exclude-downloaded-modules
      - id: checkov
        args:
          - --args=--quiet
          - --args=--framework=terraform
      - id: infracost_breakdown
        args:
          - --args=--path=.
          - --hook-config='.totalHourlyCost|tonumber > 1'
        verbose: true

  # General hooks
  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
    rev: v4.5.0
    hooks:
      - id: trailing-whitespace
      - id: end-of-file-fixer
      - id: check-yaml
      - id: check-json
      - id: check-merge-conflict
      - id: detect-private-key
      - id: detect-aws-credentials
        args: ['--allow-missing-credentials']

  # Secret scanning
  - repo: https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets
    rev: v1.4.0
    hooks:
      - id: detect-secrets
        args: ['--baseline', '.secrets.baseline']

  # Ansible hooks
  - repo: https://github.com/ansible/ansible-lint
    rev: v6.22.0
    hooks:
      - id: ansible-lint
        files: \.(yaml|yml)$
        exclude: \.github/

  # Kubernetes hooks
  - repo: https://github.com/syntaqx/kube-score
    rev: v1.17.0
    hooks:
      - id: kube-score
        files: \.(yaml|yml)$
        exclude: (helm|charts)/

# Makefile - Local development workflow
.PHONY: help init validate plan apply destroy test docs clean

help: ## Show this help
  @grep -E '^[a-zA-Z_-]+:.*?## .*$$' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | sort | awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":.*?## "}; {printf "\033[36m%-30s\033[0m %s\n", $$1, $$2}'

init: ## Initialize Terraform
  @echo "🚀 Initializing Terraform..."
  terraform init -upgrade
  @echo "📦 Installing pre-commit hooks..."
  pre-commit install
  @echo "✅ Initialization complete!"

validate: ## Validate Terraform configuration
  @echo "🔍 Validating Terraform files..."
  terraform fmt -check -recursive
  terraform validate
  tflint --init && tflint
  @echo "🔒 Running security checks..."
  tfsec . --minimum-severity HIGH
  checkov -d . --quiet --framework terraform
  @echo "✅ Validation complete!"

plan: validate ## Create Terraform plan
  @echo "📋 Creating Terraform plan..."
  terraform plan -out=tfplan
  @echo "💰 Checking costs..."
  infracost breakdown --path . --terraform-plan-flags "-out=tfplan"
  @echo "✅ Plan complete!"

apply: ## Apply Terraform changes
  @echo "🚀 Applying Terraform changes..."
  terraform apply tfplan
  @echo "✅ Apply complete!"

destroy: ## Destroy infrastructure
  @echo "💥 Destroying infrastructure..."
  @read -p "Are you sure? [y/N] " confirm && \
  if [ "$$confirm" = "y" ]; then \
    terraform destroy -auto-approve; \
  fi

test: ## Run tests
  @echo "🧪 Running tests..."
  cd test && go test -v -timeout 30m ./...
  @echo "✅ Tests complete!"

docs: ## Generate documentation
  @echo "📚 Generating documentation..."
  terraform-docs markdown table --output-file README.md --output-mode inject .
  @echo "✅ Documentation complete!"

clean: ## Clean up files
  @echo "🧹 Cleaning up..."
  rm -rf .terraform tfplan* *.tfstate*
  find . -type f -name "*.tfvars" -delete
  @echo "✅ Cleanup complete!"

# scripts/deploy.sh - Deployment script
#!/bin/bash
set -euo pipefail

# Configuration
ENVIRONMENT="${1:-staging}"
REGION="${AWS_DEFAULT_REGION:-us-east-1}"
TERRAFORM_VERSION="1.6.0"

# Colors
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
NC='\033[0m'

# Functions
log_info() {
    echo -e "${GREEN}[INFO]${NC} $1"
}

log_warn() {
    echo -e "${YELLOW}[WARN]${NC} $1"
}

log_error() {
    echo -e "${RED}[ERROR]${NC} $1"
    exit 1
}

# Check prerequisites
check_prerequisites() {
    log_info "Checking prerequisites..."

    # Check Terraform version
    if ! terraform version | grep -q "$TERRAFORM_VERSION"; then
        log_error "Terraform $TERRAFORM_VERSION is required"
    fi

    # Check AWS credentials
    if ! aws sts get-caller-identity &>/dev/null; then
        log_error "AWS credentials not configured"
    fi

    # Check environment files
    if [[ ! -f "environments/$ENVIRONMENT/terraform.tfvars" ]]; then
        log_error "Environment file not found: environments/$ENVIRONMENT/terraform.tfvars"
    fi
}

# Initialize Terraform
init_terraform() {
    log_info "Initializing Terraform for $ENVIRONMENT..."

    terraform init \
        -backend-config="environments/$ENVIRONMENT/backend.conf" \
        -reconfigure
}

# Create plan
create_plan() {
    log_info "Creating Terraform plan..."

    terraform plan \
        -var-file="environments/$ENVIRONMENT/terraform.tfvars" \
        -out="$ENVIRONMENT.tfplan"

    # Cost estimation
    log_info "Estimating costs..."
    infracost breakdown \
        --path . \
        --terraform-plan-flags "-var-file=environments/$ENVIRONMENT/terraform.tfvars" \
        --show-skipped
}

# Apply changes
apply_changes() {
    log_info "Applying Terraform changes..."

    # Show plan summary
    terraform show -no-color "$ENVIRONMENT.tfplan" | grep -E "^  # |^  ~|^  -|^  \+"

    # Confirm deployment
    read -p "Do you want to apply these changes? [y/N] " -n 1 -r
    echo
    if [[ ! $REPLY =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
        log_warn "Deployment cancelled"
        exit 0
    fi

    # Apply with timeout
    timeout 3600 terraform apply \
        -auto-approve \
        "$ENVIRONMENT.tfplan"

    # Save outputs
    terraform output -json > "outputs-$ENVIRONMENT.json"
}

# Post-deployment validation
validate_deployment() {
    log_info "Validating deployment..."

    # Run InSpec tests
    if [[ -d "test/integration/$ENVIRONMENT" ]]; then
        inspec exec "test/integration/$ENVIRONMENT" \
            -t aws:// \
            --reporter cli json:validation-results.json
    fi

    # Health checks
    if [[ -f "scripts/health-check.sh" ]]; then
        ./scripts/health-check.sh "$ENVIRONMENT"
    fi
}

# Main execution
main() {
    log_info "Starting deployment for environment: $ENVIRONMENT"

    check_prerequisites
    init_terraform
    create_plan
    apply_changes
    validate_deployment

    log_info "Deployment complete! 🎉"
}

# Run main function
main

Claude Code

# Generate IaC workflow
claude "Create IaC workflow with:
1. GitOps integration
2. Progressive rollouts
3. Automated testing
4. Compliance validation
5. Disaster recovery"

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

State Issues

# AI Prompt: "Debug Terraform state issues"

# State lock error
Error: Error acquiring the state lock
│ ConflictException: Unable to acquire lock

# Solution 1: Force unlock (use with caution)
terraform force-unlock <LOCK_ID>

# Solution 2: Check DynamoDB lock table
aws dynamodb scan \
  --table-name terraform-state-lock \
  --filter-expression "attribute_exists(LockID)"

# Solution 3: Manual cleanup
aws dynamodb delete-item \
  --table-name terraform-state-lock \
  --key '{"LockID": {"S": "<LOCK_ID>"}}'

# State drift detection
terraform plan -refresh-only

# Import existing resources
terraform import aws_instance.example i-1234567890abcdef0

# Move resources between states
terraform state mv aws_instance.old aws_instance.new

# Remove resources from state
terraform state rm aws_instance.obsolete

# Backup and restore state
terraform state pull > backup.tfstate
terraform state push backup.tfstate

Performance

# AI Prompt: "Optimize Terraform performance"

# Parallel execution
terraform plan -parallelism=50

# Provider plugin cache
export TF_PLUGIN_CACHE_DIR="$HOME/.terraform.d/plugin-cache"
mkdir -p "$TF_PLUGIN_CACHE_DIR"

# Targeted operations
terraform plan -target=module.vpc
terraform apply -target=aws_instance.web

# Resource timeouts
resource "aws_db_instance" "example" {
  # ...
  timeouts {
    create = "60m"
    update = "120m"
    delete = "30m"
  }
}

# Reduce API calls
data "aws_ami" "ubuntu" {
  most_recent = true
  owners      = ["099720109477"]

  filter {
    name   = "name"
    values = ["ubuntu/images/hvm-ssd/ubuntu-jammy-22.04-amd64-server-*"]
  }

  # Cache for 1 hour
  lifecycle {
    postcondition {
      condition     = self.creation_date > timeadd(timestamp(), "-8760h")
      error_message = "AMI is too old"
    }
  }
}

# Debug slow operations
TF_LOG=DEBUG terraform plan 2>&1 | grep "provider.terraform-provider-aws"

Dependency Issues

# AI Prompt: "Resolve Terraform dependency issues"

# Explicit dependencies
resource "aws_instance" "app" {
  # ...
  depends_on = [
    aws_db_instance.database,
    aws_security_group.app
  ]
}

# Implicit dependencies through references
resource "aws_instance" "app" {
  subnet_id = aws_subnet.private.id  # Creates implicit dependency
}

# Module dependencies
module "app" {
  source = "./modules/app"

  vpc_id = module.network.vpc_id

  depends_on = [
    module.network,
    module.database
  ]
}

# Conditional dependencies
resource "aws_route53_record" "www" {
  count = var.create_dns_record ? 1 : 0

  zone_id = data.aws_route53_zone.main.zone_id
  name    = "www"
  type    = "A"

  alias {
    name                   = aws_lb.main.dns_name
    zone_id                = aws_lb.main.zone_id
    evaluate_target_health = true
  }

  depends_on = [aws_lb.main]
}

# Provider dependencies
terraform {
  required_providers {
    aws = {
      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
      version = "~> 5.0"
    }
    kubernetes = {
      source  = "hashicorp/kubernetes"
      version = "~> 2.23"
    }
  }
}

provider "kubernetes" {
  host                   = module.eks.cluster_endpoint
  cluster_ca_certificate = base64decode(module.eks.cluster_certificate_authority_data)
  token                  = data.aws_eks_cluster_auth.cluster.token
}

Debugging Techniques

# Enable detailed logging
export TF_LOG=DEBUG
export TF_LOG_PATH=terraform.log

# Terraform console for testing
terraform console
> aws_instance.web.private_ip
> [for instance in aws_instance.web : instance.private_ip]

# Graph dependencies
terraform graph | dot -Tpng > graph.png

# Validate specific modules
terraform validate -json | jq '.diagnostics[] | select(.severity=="error")'

# Check resource attributes
terraform state show aws_instance.web

# List all resources
terraform state list

# Refresh specific resource
terraform apply -refresh-only -target=aws_instance.web

# Debug provider issues
terraform providers lock -platform=linux_amd64 -platform=darwin_amd64

# Check workspace
terraform workspace show
terraform workspace list

# Analyze plan output
terraform show -json tfplan | jq '.resource_changes[] | {address: .address, actions: .change.actions}'

Next Steps

Advanced IaC Techniques Master advanced Infrastructure as Code patterns and practices

Cloud Cost Optimization Learn advanced techniques for optimizing cloud infrastructure costs

Security Best Practices Implement enterprise-grade security for your infrastructure

Multi-Cloud Strategies Build portable infrastructure across cloud providers

Additional Resources

Community

• Terraform Registry
• Ansible Galaxy
• Pulumi Registry
• AWS CDK Patterns

Learning

• HashiCorp Learn
• AWS Workshops
• Google Cloud Skills
• Azure Learn

Tools

• Terraform Cloud
• Atlantis
• Terragrunt
• Crossplane

Monitoring

• Infracost
• Cloud Custodian
• Komiser
• CloudQuery